Language scratchpad/Altlangs/Alternate reconstructions/Proto-Japonic scratchpad/Descendants/Scratchpad

This is a scratchpad for a conlang derived from Proto-Japonic.

Grammar

Nouns

The following table shows the typical declension of the five declension classes:

	pana "flower" c		kagi "shadow" c		fomu "cloud" c		iš "stone" n		jul "night" c
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	pana	panata	kagi	kageta	fomu	fomota	iš	išta	jul	julta
Accusative	pano	panato	kago	kageto	fomo	fomoto	išu	išto	julu	julto
Genitive	pananu	panatanu	kagenu	kagetanu	fomonu	fomotanu	išnu	ištanu	julnu	jultanu
Dative	panar	panatar	kagir	kagetar	fomur	fomotar	išir	ištar	julur	jultar
Instrumental	panasi	panatasi	kagesi	kagetasi	fomosi	fomotasi	išši	ištasi	julsi	jultasi
Comitative	panatu	panatatu	kagetu	kagetatu	fomotu	fomotatu	ištu	ištatu	jultu	jultatu
Ablative	panakala	panatakala	kagekala	kagetakala	fomokala	fomotakala	iškala	ištakala	julkala	jultakala
Comparative	pane	panate	kage	kagete	fome	fomote	iše	ište	jule	julte
Terminative	panamadi	panatamadi	kagemadi	kagetamadi	fomomadi	fomotamadi	išmadi	ištamadi	julmadi	jultamadi
Locative	panaka	panataka	kageka	kagetaka	fomoka	fomotaka	iška	ištaka	julka	jultaka
Allative	panake	panatake	kageke	kagetake	fomoke	fomotake	iške	ištake	julke	jultake

In general, the only difference between the fourth and fifth declensions is the dative (singular), which is -ir in the former and -ur in the latter. However, stems ending in -j- (exclusively fourth declension) and -w- (exclusively fifth declension) have an additional difference, with the latter using the thematic accusative -o instead of the athematic accusative -u.

Nouns with monomoraic stems have slightly differing declensions:

	pā "leaf" n		tī "hand" c		nū "plain" n
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	pā	pata	tī	teta	nū	nota
Accusative	pau	pato	teu	teto	nō	noto
Genitive	panu	patanu	tenu	tetanu	nonu	notanu
Dative	par	patar	tir	tetar	nur	notar
Instrumental	pasi	patasi	tesi	tetasi	nosi	notasi
Comitative	patu	patatu	tetu	tetatu	notu	notatu
Ablative	pakala	patakala	tekala	tetakala	nokala	notakala
Comparative	pai	pate	tē	tete	noi	note
Terminative	pamadi	patamadi	temadi	tetamadi	nomadi	notamadi
Locative	paka	pataka	teka	tetaka	noka	notaka
Allative	pake	patake	teke	tetake	noke	notake

In addition to the case markers, there are also topic (-a) and focus markers (-s, -kus). They modify the case markers as follows:

	Plain	Topic	Focus
-a	-a	-awa	-as	-akus
-i	-i	-ewa	-is	-ekus
-u	-u	-owa	-us	-okus
4th Nominative	-	-a	-is	-ikus
5th Nominative	-	-a	-us	-ukus
Accusative -o	-o	-oba	-os	-okus
Accusative -u	-u	-uba	-us	-okus
Dative	-r	-ra	-ris	-rikus
Comparative	-e	-oja	-uis	-uikus
Allative	-ke	-kaja	-kais	-kaikus

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

	First			Second
	Singular	Inclusive	Exclusive	Singular	Plural
Nominative	wan	wake	wanna	noi	nola
Accusative	wau	wako	wanno	nonu	nolo
Genitive	waga	wakega	wannaga	noga	nolaga
Dative	war	waker	wannar	nunur	nolar
Instrumental	wasi	wakesi	wannasi	nozi	nolasi
Comitative	watu	waketu	wannatu	nodu	nolatu
Ablative	wagala	wakekala	wannakala	nogala	nolakala
Comparative	wane	wače	wanne	none	nole
Terminative	wamadi	wakemadi	wannamadi	nommadi	nolamadi
Locative	wanaka	wakenaka	wannanaka	nonaka	nolanaka
Allative	wage	wakege	wannake	noge	nolake

The reflexive onoi inflects identically to noi, but only has singular forms.

Demonstrative pronouns

	Proximal		Medial		Distal
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	koli	koleta	oli	oleta	kali	kaleta
Accusative	kolo	koleto	olo	oleto	kalo	kaleto
Genitive	konu	koletanu	onu	oletanu	kanu	kaletanu
Dative	kolir	koletar	olir	oletar	kalir	kaletar
Instrumental	kursi	koletasi	ursi	oletasi	karsi	kaletasi
Comitative	koletu	koletatu	oletu	oletatu	kaletu	kaletatu
Ablative	kolekala	koletakala	olekala	oletakala	kalekala	kaletakala
Comparative	kole	kolete	ole	olete	kale	kalete
Terminative	kolemadi	koletamadi	olemadi	oletamadi	kalemadi	kaletamadi
Locative	koma	koletaka	oma	oletaka	kama	kaletaka
Allative	koleke	koletake	oleke	oletake	kaleke	kaletake

Interrogative pronouns

	Neuter		Common		Animate
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	nan	nata	illi	illeta	tali	taleta
Accusative	nau	nato	illo	illeto	talo	taleto
Genitive	nanu	natanu	irnu	illetanu	taga	taletaga
Dative	nar	natar	illir	illetar	talir	taletar
Instrumental	narsi	natasi	irsi	illetasi	talesi	taletasi
Comitative	natu	natatu	illetu	illetatu	taletu	taletatu
Ablative	nakala	natakala	illekala	illetakala	talekala	taletakala
Comparative	nai	nate	ille	illete	tale	talete
Terminative	namadi	natamadi	illemadi	illetamadi	talemadi	taletamadi
Locative	nama	nataka	irma	illetaka	taleka	taletaka
Allative	nake	natake	illeke	illetake	taleke	taletake

The interrogative numeral is if(u)- (ik when used alone). The temporal interrogative is it.

Verbs

Verbs generally have three stems. The forms of each stem for the regular verb classes (collectively the first, or athematic, conjugation) are as follows:

Verb	Stem 1	Stem 2	Stem 3
kačum	kak-	kač-	kašt-
ojožum	ojog-	ojuž-	ojud-
pušum	pos-	puš-	pušt-
macum	mat-	mac-	mast-
tugum	tob-	tug-	tud-
yunum	yom-	yun-	yund-
čijum	čel-	čij-	čīt-

The stem forms for the irregular classes are as follows:

Verb	Stem 1	Stem 2	Stem 3
waleum	wala-	wale-	walēt-
agijum	age-	agi-	aget-
šum	se-	š-	št-
čum	ko-	č-	čet-
am	al-	aj-	at-
širum	šene-	šir-	šird-

From top to bottom, the conjugations listed in the above table are:

• Semi-thematic (second conjugation)
• Thematic (third conjugation)
• The light verb "to do" (fourth conjugation)
• The verb "to come" (fifth conjugation)
• Existentials and copulas (sixth conjugation)
• The verb "to die" (seventh conjugation)

The fourth, fifth and seventh conjugations only contain one verb each, while the sixth only contains a handful of verbs (including the existentials am and um and the copula jam).

The stem forms of second conjugation verbs can vary, depending on the stem-final vowel:

Stem	Stem 1	Stem 2	Stem 3
-a-	-a-	-e-	-ēt-
-e-/-i-	-e-	-i-	-īt-
-o-	-o-	-e-	-ēt-
-u-	-u-	-i-	-īt-
-	-a-	-i-	-it-

Among second conjugation verbs, the verb jum ("to say") is particularly irregular; its stems are ē-, j- and it- respectively. The seventh conjugation is anomalous in that its first stem is unaffected by umlaut, unlike the other irregular classes' first stems.

Verb forms

The following table lists various verb forms for a number of verbs:

Form	(to write)	(to laugh)	(to rise)	(to do)	(to come)	(to be)	(to die)	Derivation
Present	kačum	waleum	agijum	šum	čum	am	širum	2 + -um
Past (Aorist)	kaštam	walētam	agetam	štam	četam	atam	širdam	3 + -am
Past (Imperfect)	kačotam	waleutam	agijotam	šotam	čotam	aitam	širotam	2 + -otam
Future	kaka	wala	age	sē	kō	ala	šene	1 + -a
Negative (Gnomic)	kakan	walan	agin	sin	kun	(alan)	šenen	1 + -an
Imperative	kaki	walai	agelu	selu	kū	ali	šeni	1 + -i/-lu
Attributive (Gnomic)	kaku	walau	agelu	selu	kolu	alu	šenelu	1 + -(l)u
Prohibitive	kakona	walauna	agelona	selona	kolona	alona	šenelona	1 + -(l)ona
Emphatic (Gnomic)	kaki	walai	ageli	seli	kī	ali	šeni	1 + -(l)i
Conditional	kakaba	walaba	ageba	seba	koba	alaba	šeneba	1 + -aba
Provisional	kakeba	walaiba	ageleba	seleba	keba	aleba	šeneba	1 + -eba
Infinitive	kač	wale	agi	šī	čī	ai	šir	2
Participle	kašti	walēti	ageti	štī	četi	ati	širdi	3 + -i
Negative Participle	kakada	walada	ageda	seda	koda	(alada)	šeneda	1 + -ada

Note that the -m in the present and past forms is a marker of the indicative mood, and may be absent or replaced. Additionally, the regular negative of am is used for jam (copula) instead, and the actual negative of am is nēn (participle nēda). The negative -n (but not the corresponding participle -da) is the only ending that induces umlaut of the first stem's final vowel.

Aspectual forms are built on the participle (with only kačum showing the past and future forms in the following table):

Form	(to write)	(to laugh)	(to rise)	(to do)	(to come)	(to be)	(to die)
Perfect	kaštēm kaštētam kašteitam kaštēla	walētēm	agetēm	štēm	četēm	atēm	širdēm
Progressive	kaštōm kaštōtam kaštoitam kaštōla	walētōm	agetōm	štōm	četōm	atōm	širdōm
Experientive	kaštinum kaštintam kaštinutam kaštine	walētinum	agetinum	štinum	četinum	atinum	širdinum
Preparative	kaštučum kaštuštam kaštučotam kaštuka	walētučum	agetučum	štučum	četučum	atučum	širdučum

Voice forms and the potential are as follows:

Form	(to write)	(to laugh)	(to rise)	(to do)	(to come)	(to be)	(to die)	Construction
Passive	kakalijum	walalijum	agelijum	selijum	kolijum		šenelijum	1 + -alijum
Causative	kakašum	walašum	agišmijum	šimijum	kušum		šenešum	1 + -ašum/ or 2 + -šmijum
Causative Passive	kakasalijum	walasalijum	agesalijum	salijum	kosalijum		šenesalijum	1 + -asalijum
Potential	kačušum	waleušum	agijušum	čičišum	čušum	ašum	širušum	2 + -ušum

The finite, attributive and emphatic forms of kačum are below:

	Affirmative						Negative
	Indicative	Subjunctive	Interrogative		Attributive	Emphatic	Indicative	Subjunctive	Interrogative		Attributive	Emphatic
Present	kačum	kaču	kačoga	kačona	kačolu	kačoli	kakadam	kakada	kakadaga	kakadana	kakadalu	kakadali
Past (Aorist)	kaštam	kašta	kaštaga	kaštana	kaštalu	kaštali	kakantam	kakanta	kakantaga	kakantana	kakantalu	kakantali
Past (Imperfect)	kačotam	kačota	kačotaga	kačotana	kačotalu	kačotali	kakadatam	kakadata	kakadataga	kakadatana	kakadatalu	kakadatali
Future	kaka		kakaga	kakena	kaku	kaki	kakan		kakanga	kakanna	kakanu	kakani

The following tables list the finite, attributive and emphatic forms for the irregular classes:

	Affirmative						Negative
	Indicative	Subjunctive	Interrogative		Attributive	Emphatic	Indicative	Subjunctive	Interrogative		Attributive	Emphatic
Present	waleum	walu	waleuga	waleuna	waleulu	waleuli	waladam	walada	waladaga	waladana	waladalu	waladali
Past (Aorist)	walētam	walēta	walētaga	walētana	walētalu	walētali	walantam	walanta	walantaga	walantana	walantalu	walantali
Past (Imperfect)	waleutam	waleuta	waleutaga	waleutana	waleutalu	waleutali	waladatam	waladata	waladataga	waladatana	waladatalu	waladatali
Future	wala		walaga	walena	walau	walai	walan		walanga	walanna	walanu	walani

	Affirmative						Negative
	Indicative	Subjunctive	Interrogative		Attributive	Emphatic	Indicative	Subjunctive	Interrogative		Attributive	Emphatic
Present	agijum	agiju	agijoga	agijona	agijolu	agijoli	agedam	ageda	agedaga	agedana	agedalu	agedali
Past (Aorist)	agetam	ageta	agetaga	agetana	agetalu	agetali	agintam	agianta	agintaga	agintana	agintalu	agintali
Past (Imperfect)	agijotam	agijota	agijotaga	agijotana	agijotalu	agijotali	agedatam	agedata	agedataga	agedatana	agedatalu	agedatali
Future	age		agega	agena	agelu	ageli	agin		aginga	aginna	aginu	agini

	Affirmative						Negative
	Indicative	Subjunctive	Interrogative		Attributive	Emphatic	Indicative	Subjunctive	Interrogative		Attributive	Emphatic
Present	šum	šū	šoga	šona	šolu	šoli	sedam	seda	sedaga	sedana	sedalu	sedali
Past (Aorist)	štam	šta	štaga	štana	štalu	štali	sintam	sinta	sintaga	sintana	sintalu	sintali
Past (Imperfect)	šotam	šota	šotaga	šotana	šotalu	šotali	sedatam	sedata	sedataga	sedatana	sedatalu	sedatali
Future	sē		sega	sena	selu	seli	sin		singa	sinna	sinu	sini

	Affirmative						Negative
	Indicative	Subjunctive	Interrogative		Attributive	Emphatic	Indicative	Subjunctive	Interrogative		Attributive	Emphatic
Present	čum	čū	čoga	čona	čolu	čoli	kodam	koda	kodaga	kodana	kodalu	kodali
Past (Aorist)	četam	četa	četaga	četana	četalu	četali	kuntam	kunta	kuntaga	kuntana	kuntalu	kuntali
Past (Imperfect)	čotam	čota	čotaga	čotana	čotalu	čotali	kodatam	kodata	kodataga	kodatana	kodatalu	kodatali
Future	kō		koga	kona	kolu	kī	kun		kunga	kunna	kunu	kuni

	Affirmative						Negative
	Indicative	Subjunctive	Interrogative		Attributive	Emphatic	Indicative	Subjunctive	Interrogative		Attributive	Emphatic
Present	am	ā	aga	ana	alu	ali	nēdam	nēda	nēdaga	nēdana	nēdalu	nēdali
Past (Aorist)	atam	ata	ataga	atana	atalu	atali	nēntam	nēnta	nēntaga	nēntana	nēntalu	nēntali
Past (Imperfect)	aitam	aita	aitaga	aitana	aitalu	aitali	nēdatam	nēdata	nēdataga	nēdatana	nēdatalu	nēdatali
Future	ala		alaga	alena	alalu	alali	nēn		nēnga	nēnna	nēnu	nēni

	Affirmative						Negative
	Indicative	Subjunctive	Interrogative		Attributive	Emphatic	Indicative	Subjunctive	Interrogative		Attributive	Emphatic
Present	um	ū	oga	ona	olu	oli	oladam	olada	oladaga	oladana	oladalu	oladali
Past (Aorist)	otam	ota	otaga	otana	otalu	otali	olantam	olanta	olantaga	olantana	olantalu	nēntali
Past (Imperfect)	uitam	uita	uitaga	uitana	uitalu	uitali	oladatam	oladata	oladataga	oladatana	oladatalu	oladatali
Future	ola		olaga	olena	olalu	olali	olan		olanga	olanna	olanu	olani

	Affirmative						Negative
	Indicative	Subjunctive	Interrogative		Attributive	Emphatic	Indicative	Subjunctive	Interrogative		Attributive	Emphatic
Present	širum	širu	široga	širona	širolu	široli	šenedam	šeneda	šenedaga	šenedana	šenedalu	šenedali
Past (Aorist)	širdam	širda	širdaga	širdana	širdalu	širdali	šenentam	šenenta	šenentaga	šenentana	šenentalu	šenentali
Past (Imperfect)	širotam	širota	širotaga	širotana	širotalu	širotali	šenedatam	šenedata	šenedataga	šenedatana	šenedatalu	šenedatali
Future	šene		šenega	šenena	šenelu	šeni	šenen		šenenga	šenenna	šenenu	šeneni

Adjectives and numerals

Adjectives are a class of words that serve to modify noun phrases. They always end in a vowel or -š, with the latter forming a separate inflectional class.

When modifying noun phrases, adjectives are placed before the noun phrase in question. Depending on the head noun, a suffix (-t or -i) may also be attached to the adjective, if it is not verbalised by the below mechanism.

When used as a predicate, adjectives take the -sam/-šam suffix (depending on its inflectional class), which inflects identically to am. Verbalised adjectives can also act as attributives (with the appropriate inflection), with narrower meanings than using bare or gendered forms.

Examples of adjectives:

	taka "high/tall"	mirraš "unusual"
Neuter Attributive	takat	mirrašit
Common Attributive	taka	mirraš
Animate Attributive	takai	mirraši
Adverbial	takak	mirrak
Predicative	takasam	mirrašam
Noun of Degree	takasa	mirraša
Superlative	takaso	mirrašo

Numerals are mentioned in this section as well, as the bare numerals share some traits with attributive adjectives (with the exception of jolur "ten thousand" and higher numerals, which are normal nouns). Their bare (common) forms are listed in the vocabulary section; the following tables show their neuter and animate forms respectively (for the neuter forms, the number in parentheses is the declensional class when used as a noun):

1	tit (5, tic-)	10	tō (5, tow-)	100	momu (3)	1,000	cī (2)
2	tat (5, tac-)	20	patac (4)	200	foto (5, fotaw-)	2,000	fotacic (4)
3	nit (5, nic-)	30	nesur (4, nesuz-)	300	nō (5, new-)	3,000	nicic (4)
4	jut (5, juc-)	40	josur (4, josuz-)	400	jō (5, jow-)	4,000	jucic (4)
5	ist (5, iss-)	50	esur (4, esuz-)	500	eu (5, ew-)	5,000	icuc (4)
6	mut (5, muc-)	60	mosur (4, mosuz-)	600	mō (5, mow-)	6,000	mucic (4)
7	nanat (5, nanac-)	70	nanasur (4, nanasuz-)	700	nano (5, nanaw-)	7,000	nanacic (4)
8	jat (5, jac-)	80	jasur (4, jasuz-)	800	jau (5, jaw-)	8,000	jacic (4)
9	kokonut (5, kokonuc-)	90	kokonosur (4, kokonosuz-)	900	kokono (5, kokonow-)	9,000	kokonucic (4)

1	hetui	10	tōtai	100	momotai	1,000	citai
2	fotai	20	patatai	200	fotōtai	2,000	fotastai
3	netai	30	nesutai	300	nōtai	3,000	nistai
4	jotai	40	josutai	400	jōtai	4,000	justai
5	istai	50	esutai	500	eutai	5,000	icustai
6	motai	60	mosutai	600	mōtai	6,000	mustai
7	nanatai	70	nanasutai	700	nanōtai	7,000	nanastai
8	jatai	80	jasutai	800	jautai	8,000	jastai
9	kokonotai	90	kokonosutai	900	kokonōtai	9,000	kokonustai

Animate numerals, when used as nouns, are fourth declension nouns.

Some common nouns (such as tuš "year") have count forms that suffix directly to the bare numeral (e.g. hetutosi "one year", where the count form is -tosi). In general, they are otherwise regular, but there is one irregular count form -ka ("day"), whose forms are divergent:

1	hetui	10	tōka	100	momoka	1,000	cuka
2	foska	20	paska	200	fotōka	2,000	fotaska
3	nīka	30	nesoka	300	nōka	3,000	niska
4	juika	40	josoka	400	jōka	4,000	juska
5	iska	50	esoka	500	euka	5,000	icuska
6	muika	60	mosoka	600	mōka	6,000	muska
7	nanka	70	nanasoka	700	nanōka	7,000	nanaska
8	jaika	80	jasoka	800	jauka	8,000	jaska
9	kokonoka	90	kokonosoka	900	kokonōka	9,000	kokonuska

Vocabulary

Numerals

1	hetu (3)	10	tō (5, tow-)	100	momu (3)	1,000	cī (2)	10,000	jolur (5, joluz-)
2	fota (1)	20	pata (1)	200	foto (5, fotaw-)	2,000	fotacic (4)
3	nī (2)	30	nesu (3)	300	nō (5, new-)	3,000	nicic (4)
4	jū (3)	40	josu (3)	400	jō (5, jow-)	4,000	jucic (4)
5	it (5)	50	esu (3)	500	eu (5, ew-)	5,000	icuc (4)
6	mū (3)	60	mosu (3)	600	mō (5, mow-)	6,000	mucic (4)
7	nana (1)	70	nanasu (3)	700	nano (5, nanaw-)	7,000	nanacic (4)
8	jā (1)	80	jasu (3)	800	jau (5, jaw-)	8,000	jacic (4)
9	kokonu (3)	90	kokonosu (3)	900	kokono (5, kokonow-)	9,000	kokonucic (4)

Swadesh list

No.	English	Word
1	I	wan
2	thou	noi
3	he	kali
4	we	wake, wanna
5	you	nola
6	they	kaleta
7	this	koli
8	that	oli, kali
9	here	koma
10	there	oma, kama
11	who	tali
12	what	nan
13	where	ir, irma
14	when	it, ica
15	how	eka
16	not	-n, -da-
17	all	molu, nena
18	many	ō
19	some	soku
20	few	sona
21	other	poka
22	one	hetu
23	two	fota
24	three	nī
25	four	jū
26	five	it
27	big	ōma
28	long	naga
29	wide	helu
30	thick	acu
31	heavy	omu
32	small	cini
33	short	ega
34	narrow	sema
35	thin	koma
36	woman	onna an
37	man (male)	weku an
38	man (human)	hetu an
39	child	walabi an
40	wife	coma an
41	husband	uttu an
42	mother	amu an
43	father	kazu an
44	animal	išmuš c (4)
45	fish	iu c (5, iw-)
46	bird	tui an (4, tuj-)
47	dog	in an (5)
48	louse	šlan c (4)
49	snake	pam an (5)
50	worm	muš c (4)
51	tree	kī c
52	forest	mui c (4, muj-)
53	stick (wood)	joda n
54	fruit	nai n (4, naj)
55	seed	tani n
56	leaf	pā n
57	root	nī n
58	bark	kega c
59	flower	pana c
60	grass	fosa c
61	rope	cona n
62	skin	kawa c
63	meat	šiš n
64	blood	cī c
65	bone	poni n
66	fat	avla n
67	egg	tamagu n
68	horn	conu n
69	tail	šiju c
70	feather	pani n
71	hair	(kannu) kī c
72	head	cuv c (5)
73	ear	nin n (4)
74	eye	mī n
75	nose	pana n
76	mouth	fuc c
77	tooth	pā c
78	tongue	štā c
79	fingernail	comi c
80	foot	štaš c (4)
81	leg	aš c (4)
82	knee	hiza n
83	hand	tī c
84	wing	cobasa c
85	belly	pala n
86	guts	wata c
87	neck	fug n (4)
88	back	sī c
89	breast	moni c
90	heart	kokolu c
91	liver	čemu n
92	to drink	nunum (nom-)
93	to eat	feum (fo-)
94	to bite	kanum (kam-)
95	to suck	seum (so-)
96	to spit	pačum (pak-)
97	to vomit	pačum (pak-)
98	to blow	fučum (fok-)
99	to breathe	ičačum (ičak-)
100	to laugh	waleum (wala-)
101	to see	nijum (ne-)
102	to hear	čičum (ček-)
103	to know	šijum (šel-)
104	to think	omeum (omo-)
105	to smell	kagum (kab-)
106	to fear	osolijum (osole-)
107	to sleep	nimujum (nimol-)
108	to live	ikijum (ike-)
109	to die	širum (šene-)
110	to kill	kolušum (kolos-)
111	to fight	tatakeum (tataka-)
112	to hunt	kajum (kal-)
113	to hit	tatačum (tatak-)
114	to cut	čijum (čel-)
115	to split	wajum (wal-)
116	to stab	sašum (sas-)
117	to scratch	kačum (kak-)
118	to dig	pujum (pol-)
119	to swim	ojužum (ojog-)
120	to fly	tugum (tob-)
121	to walk	aičum (aik-)
122	to come	čum
123	to lie	nimijum (nime-)
124	to sit	wijum (we-)
125	to stand	tacum (tat-)
126	to turn	mawajum (mawal-)
127	to fall	otijum (ote-)
128	to give	tabijum (tabe-), folijum (fole-)
129	to hold	mucum (mot-)
130	to squeeze	šebujum (šebol-)
131	to rub	sujum (sol-)
132	to wash	aleum (ala-)
133	to wipe	sosujum (sosol-)
134	to pull	hičum (hek-)
135	to push	ušum (os-)
136	to throw	nagijum (nage-)
137	to tie	mosugum (mosob-)
138	to sew	neum (no-)
139	to count	kazeum (kazo-)
140	to say	jum (ē-)
141	to sing	oteum (ota-)
142	to play	asugum (asob-)
143	to float	učum (ok-)
144	to flow	nagalijum (nagale-)
145	to freeze	kōjum (kōl-)
146	to swell	fufranum (fufram-)
147	sun	hī c, hemal c (5)
148	moon	cuč c (4)
149	star	puš c (4)
150	water	mir c (5, miz-, irregular genitive mena)
151	rain	ami c
152	river	kawa n
153	lake	mizun c (4)
154	sea	un c (4)
155	salt	šū n
156	stone	iš n (4)
157	sand	snā n
158	dust	cī n (4, cij)
159	earth	cuc c (4)
160	cloud	fomu c
161	fog	čī c (4, čij-)
162	sky	sola c
163	wind	kazi c
164	snow	juč c (4)
165	ice	koi n (4, koj-)
166	smoke	kivi n
167	fire	hī c
168	ash	pai n (4, paj-)
169	to burn	mojum (moje-)
170	road	nic c (4)
171	mountain	jama n
172	red	aka
173	green	mī, au
174	yellow	čī
175	white	šlū, šlā
176	black	flū
177	night	jul c (5)
178	day	hī c
179	year	tuš c
180	warm	nufu
181	cold	hī, samu
182	full	mitijum (mite-)
183	new	nī
184	old	fulu
185	good	ju
186	bad	walu
187	rotten	fosajum (fosal-)
188	dirty	četana
189	straight	sogu
190	round	malu
191	sharp	suldu
192	dull	nivu
193	smooth	nabi
194	wet	nolijum (nole-)
195	dry	kawačum (kawak-)
196	correct	tadaš
197	near	ceka
198	far	tō
199	right	niži
200	left	hedai (4, hedaj-)
201	at	(locative)
202	in	(locative)
203	with	(comitative, instrumental)
204	and	tu
205	if	-ba
206	because	kalar
207	name	nā n