Language scratchpad
This page contains languages currently under construction, which have yet to reach a stage where it can get its own article. Most, if not all, of these langauges will be part of either Innocence Seekers or one of its spinoffs.
Old Flefluan
Unlike Modern Flefluan, where much of the inflectional endings have eroded away, Old Flefluan retains distinct endings.
Nouns
Nouns have five cases and two numbers.
o-stem masculine:
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -os | -oi |
| Vocative | -e | -oi |
| Accusative | -on | -ūs |
| Genitive | -ī | -on |
| Dative | -ūi | -obos |
o-stem neuter:
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -on | -ā |
| Vocative | -on | -ā |
| Accusative | -on | -ā |
| Genitive | -ī | -on |
| Dative | -ūi | -obos |
ā-stem:
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -ā | -ās |
| Vocative | -ā | -ās |
| Accusative | -ān | -ās |
| Genitive | -ās | -on |
| Dative | -āi | -ābos |
Verbs
Note: This is a work in progress
Verbs located at the beginning of a clause (with the exception of the copula) are marked with an -(e)s suffix.
| Singular | Plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | |
| Indicative | ||||||
| Present | berū(s) | berī(s) | beriti(s) | beromos(es) | beretes(es) | beronti(s) |
Copula:
| Singular | Plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | |
| Indicative | ||||||
| Present | immi(mi) | ī(tu) | isti(s) | mos(nis) | stes(wis) | senti(s) |
Flefluan
While this language is linked to by a number of articles, it is not in the stage where it can get its own article.
Orthography
Note: This is a work in progress
Lenition is indicated by adding a <h> after the consonant, while voicing replaces the letter with its voiced counterpart.
Vowel digraphs do not indicate diphthongs (which are absent in Flefluan); instead they indicate vowel affection. Hiatus is indicated by an intervocalic <h>.
Nouns
Nouns have four cases and two numbers. All declensional classes in Old Flefluan have collapsed into one in Modern Flefluan, distinguished only by mutation and gender.
Example declension of map ("son", masculine), without and with definite article:
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | map em map |
mape ed mhape |
| Accusative | map em map |
mapu ed mapu |
| Genitive | maipi id mhaipi |
map em map |
| Dative | maupu ud mhaupu |
mapov ef mapov |
Neuter nouns have -a in the nominative/accusative plural instead of -e and -u and also display lenition in the accusative plural. Note that the final -n in the definite article assimilates with the following consonant, in this case becoming -m.
The accusative singular and genitive plural are identical for all nouns. While not shown here, they also show a different form of mutation, voicing (which only affects the voiceless obstruents).
Example declension of ben ("woman", feminine), without and with definite article:
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ben em bhen |
bene ed bene |
| Accusative | ben em ben |
bene ed bene |
| Genitive | beini id bheini |
ben em ben |
| Dative | beunu ud bheunu |
benav ef benav |
Adjectives
Adjectives (including yn "one") typically take the same declensions as nouns. However, a few adjectives are irregular.
Declension of dau "two", without and with definite article, when combined with a noun beginning with /k/:
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | dau kh- ed dhau kh- |
dui kh- ed dui kh- |
dau kh- ed dhau kh- |
| Accusative | dau kh- ed dau kh- |
dui kh- ed dui kh- |
dau kh- ed dhau kh- |
| Genitive | du k- en du k- |
dihu kh- en dihu kh- |
du k- en du k- |
| Dative | dov k- ef dov k- |
dihav k- ef dihav k- |
dov k- ef dov k- |
Note that tri "three" and peutar "four", despite their irregular feminines tir and peter respectively, decline regularly in the genitive and dative. In the nominative and accusative, they are endingless and do not induce mutation.
Verbs
Note: This is a work in progress
Verbs located at the beginning of a clause have separate forms (indicated as the first listed form in the below paradigms).
| Singular | Plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | |
| Indicative | ||||||
| Present | beuru beur |
beiri beir |
beirthi beirith |
bermai beron |
berthe bereth |
berod bero |
Note that the copula does not have separate sentence-initial forms.
Copula:
| Singular | Plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | |
| Indicative | ||||||
| Present | im | it | is | moin | teu | eid |
Unnamed language
An unnamed Slavic language. I haven't decided where it will be spoken, but I will reveal it in Innocence Seekers: April Light.
Orthography
The standard orthography is somewhat similar to Blylandic. Note that there are multiple orthographies for this language.
One important distinction is that syllable-final single nasals actually indicate that the preceding vowel is nasalised. Actual nasal consonants in codas are indicated by doubling the nasal.
Nouns
Nouns may show consonant mutation in the final consonant of the stem, if said consonant is a coronal or velar consonant. Velars show more extensive mutation.
a-stem nouns
Hard declension:
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -a | -2e | -i |
| Accusative | -on | -2e | -i |
| Genitive | -i | -u | - |
| Locative | -2e | -u | -au |
| Dative | -2e | -ama | -amm |
| Instrumental | -oun | -ama | -ami |
| Vocative | -o | -2e | -i |
Soft declension:
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -a | -ji | -en |
| Accusative | -on | -ji | -en |
| Genitive | -en | -u | - |
| Locative | -ji | -u | -au |
| Dative | -ji | -ama | -amm |
| Instrumental | -eun | -ama | -ami |
| Vocative | -o | -ji | -en |
o-stem declension
The second sets of nominative, accusative and vocative endings represent the neuter endings.
Hard declension:
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -, -o | -a, -2e | -ji, -a |
| Accusative | -, -o | -a, -2e | -i, -a |
| Genitive | -a | -u | - |
| Locative | -2e | -u | -2eu |
| Dative | -u | -oma | -omm |
| Instrumental | -umm | -oma | -i |
| Vocative | -1e, -o | -a, -2e | -ji, -a |
Soft declension:
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -j, -e | -a, -ji | -ji, -a |
| Accusative | -j, -e | -a, -ji | -en, -a |
| Genitive | -a | -u | -j |
| Locative | -ji | -u | -jiu |
| Dative | -u | -ema | -emm |
| Instrumental | -jimm | -ema | -ji |
| Vocative | -je, -e | -a, -ji | -ji, -a |
i-stem declension
Masculine:
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | - | -i | -e |
| Accusative | - | -i | -i |
| Genitive | -i | -u | -i |
| Locative | -i | -u | -iu |
| Dative | -i | -ma | -imm |
| Instrumental | -imm | -ma | -mi |
| Vocative | -i | -i | -e |
Feminine:
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | - | -i | -i |
| Accusative | - | -i | -i |
| Genitive | -i | -u | -i |
| Locative | -i | -u | -iu |
| Dative | -i | -ma | -imm |
| Instrumental | -on | -ma | -mi |
| Vocative | -i | -i | -i |
ī-stem declension
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -ji | -ji | -en |
| Accusative | -on | -ji | -en |
| Genitive | -en | -u | -j |
| Locative | -ji | -u | -au |
| Dative | -i | -ama | -amm |
| Instrumental | -eun | -ama | -ami |
| Vocative | -e | -i | -en |
n-stem declension
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -i, -1en | -1enji | -1ene, -1ena |
| Accusative | -1enj, -1en | -1enji | -1enji, -1ena |
| Genitive | -1ene | -1enu | -1en |
| Locative | -1ene | -1enu | -1enjiu |
| Dative | -1enji | -1enjma | -1enjimm |
| Instrumental | -1enjimm | -1enjma | -1enjmi |
| Vocative | -i, -1en | -1enji | -1ene, -1ena |
However, the noun dzinj ("day") is irregular:
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | dzinj | dznji | dzne |
| Accusative | dzinj | dznji | dznji |
| Genitive | dzne | dznu | dzin |
| Locative | dzne | dznu | dznjiu |
| Dative | dznji | dzinjma | dznjimm |
| Instrumental | dznjimm | dzinjma | dzinjmi |
| Vocative | dzin | dznji | dzne |
nt-stem declension
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -en | -entsi | -enta |
| Accusative | -en | -entsi | -enta |
| Genitive | -ente | -entu | -ent |
| Locative | -ente | -entu | -entsiu |
| Dative | -entsi | -entsma | -entsimm |
| Instrumental | -entsimm | -entsma | -entsmi |
| Vocative | -en | -entsi | -enta |
r-stem
There are only two r-stem nouns: matsi ("mother", gen: matere) and datsi ("daughter", gen: datsere). The declension of matsi is below:
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | matsi | materi | materi |
| Accusative | mater | materi | materi |
| Genitive | matere | materu | mater |
| Locative | matere | materu | materiu |
| Dative | materi | materma | materimm |
| Instrumental | materiun | materma | matermi |
| Vocative | matsi | materi | materi |
s-stem declension
Hard declension:
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -o | -1esji | -1esa |
| Accusative | -o | -1esji | -1esa |
| Genitive | -1ese | -1esu | -1es |
| Locative | -1ese | -1esu | -1esjiu |
| Dative | -1esi | -1esjma | -1esjimm |
| Instrumental | -1esjimm | -1esjma | -1esjmi |
| Vocative | -o | -1esji | -1esa |
Soft declension:
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -e | -1esji | -1esa |
| Accusative | -e | -1esji | -1esa |
| Genitive | -1ese | -1esu | -1es |
| Locative | -1ese | -1esu | -1esjiu |
| Dative | -1esi | -1esjma | -1esjimm |
| Instrumental | -1esjimm | -1esjma | -1esjmi |
| Vocative | -e | -1esji | -1esa |
u-stem declension
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | - | -i | -ove |
| Accusative | - | -i | -i |
| Genitive | -u | -ovu | -ov |
| Locative | -u | -ovu | -uu |
| Dative | -ovi | -ma | -umm |
| Instrumental | -umm | -ma | -mi |
| Vocative | -u | -i | -ove |
v-stem declension
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -i | -vi | -vi |
| Accusative | -uv | -vi | -vi |
| Genitive | -ve | -vu | -uv |
| Locative | -ve | -vu | -vau |
| Dative | -vi | -vama | -vamm |
| Instrumental | -von | -vama | -vami |
| Vocative | -i | -vi | -vi |
Adjectives
Standard declension:
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nominative | -ui | -aa | -2ii | -aa | -2ei | -ien | -oi | -2ei | -aa |
| Accusative | -ui | -aa | -ien | -oun | -2ei | -ien | -oi | -2ei | -aa |
| Genitive | -aigo | -uu | -iu | -ien | -uu | -iu | -aigo | -uu | -iu |
| Locative | -2eimm | -uu | -iiu | -2ei | -uu | -iiu | -2eimm | -uu | -iiu |
| Dative | -uimu | -iima | -iimm | -2ei | -iima | -iimm | -uimu | -iima | -iimm |
| Instrumental | -iimi | -iima | -iimi | -oun | -iima | -iimi | -iimi | -iima | -iimi |
| Vocative | -ui | -aa | -jii | -aa | -2ei | -ien | -oi | -2ei | -aa |
Soft declension:
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nominative | -jii | -aa | -jii | -aa | -jii | -ein | -ei | -jii | -aa |
| Accusative | -jii | -aa | -ein | -oun | -jii | -ein | -ei | -jii | -aa |
| Genitive | -aigo | -uu | -jiu | -ein | -uu | -jiu | -aigo | -uu | -jiu |
| Locative | -jiemm | -uu | -jiiu | -jii | -uu | -jiiu | -jiemm | -uu | -jiiu |
| Dative | -uimu | -jiima | -jiimm | -jii | -jiima | -jiimm | -uimu | -jiima | -jiimm |
| Instrumental | -jiimi | -jiima | -jiimi | -oun | -jiima | -jiimi | -jiimi | -jiima | -jiimi |
| Vocative | -jii | -aa | -jii | -aa | -jii | -ein | -ei | -jii | -aa |
Comparative declension:
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nominative | -ei | -eisjaa | -eisjei | -eisjia | -eisjii | -eisjein | -eisjei | -eisjii | -eisjaa |
| Accusative | -eisjii | -eisjaa | -eisjein | -eisjoun | -eisjii | -eisjein | -eisjei | -eisjii | -eisjaa |
| Genitive | -eisjaigo | -eisjuu | -eisjiu | -eisjein | -eisjuu | -eisjiu | -eisjaigo | -eisjuu | -eisjiu |
| Locative | -eisjiemm | -eisjuu | -eisjiiu | -eisjii | -eisjuu | -eisjiiu | -eisjiemm | -eisjuu | -eisjiiu |
| Dative | -eisjuimu | -eisjiima | -eisjiimm | -eisjii | -eisjiima | -eisjiimm | -eisjuimu | -eisjiima | -eisjiimm |
| Instrumental | -eisjiimi | -eisjiima | -eisjiimi | -eisjoun | -eisjiima | -eisjiimi | -eisjiimi | -eisjiima | -eisjiimi |
| Vocative | -eisjii | -eisjaa | -eisjii | -eisjaa | -eisjii | -eisjein | -eisjei | -eisjii | -eisjaa |
This is also a suffix that attaches to the adjective stem, inducing the second palatalisation.
Hard pronominal declension:
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nominative | - | -a | -ji | -a | -2e | -i | -o | -2e | -a |
| Accusative | - | -a | -i | -on | -2e | -i | -o | -2e | -a |
| Genitive | -ogo | -ou | -2eu | -oin | -ou | -2eu | -ogo | -ou | -2eu |
| Locative | -omm | -ou | -2eu | -oi | -ou | -2eu | -omm | -ou | -2eu |
| Dative | -omu | -2ema | -2emm | -oi | -2ema | -2emm | -omu | -2ema | -2emm |
| Instrumental | -2emm | -2ema | -2emi | -oun | -2ema | -2emi | -2emm | -2ema | -2emi |
| Vocative | -e | -a | -ji | -o | -2e | -i | -o | -2e | -a |
Soft pronominal declension:
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nominative | -j | -a | -ji | -a | -ji | -en | -e | -ji | -a |
| Accusative | -j | -a | -en | -on | -ji | -en | -e | -ji | -a |
| Genitive | -ego | -eu | -jiu | -ein | -eu | -jiu | -ego | -eu | -jiu |
| Locative | -emm | -eu | -jiu | -ei | -eu | -jiu | -emm | -eu | -jiu |
| Dative | -emu | -jima | -jimm | -ei | -jima | -jimm | -emu | -jima | -jimm |
| Instrumental | -jimm | -jima | -jimi | -eun | -jima | -jimi | -jimm | -jima | -jimi |
| Vocative | -u | -a | -ji | -e | -ji | -en | -e | -ji | -a |
Numerals
Cardinal numerals
| 1 | edzin |
|---|---|
| 2 | dva |
| 3 | tre |
| 4 | kjetire |
| 5 | pents f (pente) |
| 6 | sjests f (sjeste) |
| 7 | sedm f (sedme) |
| 8 | osm f (osme) |
| 9 | devents f (devente) |
| 10 | desents f (desente, desentsi) |
The numeral edzin declines as a hard pronominal, while the following three numerals decline as follows:
| 2 | 3 | 4 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
| Nominative | dva | dve | dve | tre | tri | tri | kjetire | kjetiri | kjetiri |
| Accusative | dva | dve | dve | tri | tri | tri | kjetiri | kjetiri | kjetiri |
| Genitive | dvou | trii | kjetir | ||||||
| Locative | dvou | triu | kjetiriu | ||||||
| Dative | dvema | trimm | kjetirimm | ||||||
| Instrumental | dvema | trimi | kjetirimi | ||||||
| Vocative | dva | dve | dve | tre | tri | tri | kjetire | kjetiri | kjetiri |
The higher numerals are all nouns rather than determiners, meaning that the noun to be quantified must be in the genitive plural. The cardinals from 5 to 10 decline identically (although 5 to 9 do not have dual and plural forms).
The following is the declension of desents:
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | desents | desentsi | desentsi |
| Accusative | desents | desentsi | desentsi |
| Genitive | desente | desentu | desent |
| Locative | desente | desentu | desentsiu |
| Dative | desentsi | desentsima | desentsimm |
| Instrumental | desentsiun | desentsima | desentsimi |
| Vocative | desents | desentsi | desentsi |
These form the decades:
| 20 | dve desentsi |
|---|---|
| 30 | tri desentsi |
| 40 | kjetiri desentsi |
| 50 | pents desent |
| 60 | sjests desent |
| 70 | sedm desent |
| 80 | osm desent |
| 90 | devents desent |
The numeral sto (100) is neuter, and declines as a hard o-stem noun (with an irregular genitive plural sut). The numeral tisenti is feminine, and declines as an ī-stem noun.
Ordinal numerals
| 1st | prvui |
|---|---|
| 2nd | vtorui |
| 3rd | tretsii (tret-) |
| 4th | kjetvrtui |
| 5th | pentui |
| 6th | sjestui |
| 7th | sedmui |
| 8th | osmui |
| 9th | deventui |
| 10th | desentui |
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
| First | Second | Reflexive | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||
| Nominative | jaz | ve | mi | ti | va | vi | |
| Accusative | men | na | ni | ten | va | vi | sen |
| Genitive | mene | nau | nas | tebe | vau | vas | sebe |
| Locative | mnje | nau | nas | tebe | vau | vas | sebe |
| Dative | mi | nama | namm | tsi | vama | vamm | sji |
| Instrumental | mnoun | nama | nami | toboun | vama | vami | soboun |
| Possessive | moi | nasj | tvoi | vasj | svoi | ||
Verbs
The copula bitsi conjugates as follows:
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | |
| Present | emm | esji | ests | esve | esta | este | esumo | este | sonts |
| Future | bondon | bondesj | bondets | bondeve | bondeta | bondete | bondemo | bondete | bondonts |
| Imperfect | biau | biasje | biasje | biauve | biasjeta | biasjete | biaumo | biasjete | biaun |
| Aorist | biu | bi | bi | biuve | bista | biste | biumo | biste | bisjen |
| Imperative | — | bondi | bondi | bondeve | bondeta | bondete | bondemo | bondete | bondon |
| Participles | |||||||||
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||||||
| Present | si | sontsi | si | ||||||
| Future | bondi | bondontsi | bondi | ||||||
| Past | biv | biva | bivo | ||||||
| Resultative | bil | bila | bilo | ||||||
| Other non-finite forms | |||||||||
| Infinitive | bitsi | ||||||||
| Supine | bit | ||||||||
| Verbal noun | bitse | ||||||||
Unlike the copula, most verbs may be classed either as imperfective or perfective. Imperfective verbs lack an aorist, while perfective verbs lack an imperfect. Also unlike the coupla, most verbs lack a future.
The following is an example conjugation of bratsi ("to bear"):
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | |
| Present | beron | beresji | berets | bereve | bereta | berete | beremo | berete | beronts |
| Imperfect | brau | braasje | braasje | brauve | braasjeta | braasjete | braumo | braasjete | braun |
| Aorist | (po-)brau | (po-)bra | (po-)bra | (po-)brauve | (po-)brasta | (po-)braste | (po-)braumo | (po-)braste | (po-)brasjen |
| Imperative | — | beri | beri | bereve | bereta | berete | beremo | berete | beron |
| Active Participles | |||||||||
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||||||
| Present | beri | berontsi | beri | ||||||
| Past | brav | brava | bravo | ||||||
| Resultative | bral | brala | bralo | ||||||
| Passive Participles | |||||||||
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||||||
| Present | beromm | beroma | beromo | ||||||
| Past | brann | brana | brano | ||||||
| Other non-finite forms | |||||||||
| Infinitive | bratsi | ||||||||
| Supine | brat | ||||||||
| Verbal noun | branje | ||||||||
The po- prefix is the general prefix used to form perfective verbs from imperfective verbs.
Syntax
Word order is generally free, although an SV and SO order is preferred.
Normally copulative complements are in the nominative case and direct objects are in the accusative case. However, if a clause is negated, both must be in the genitive case:
- X-NOM [is] Y-NOM (positive, copulative)
- X-NOM [does] Y-ACC (positive, action)
- X-NOM [is here] (positive, existential)
- X-NOM [is not] Y-GEN (negative, copulative)
- X-NOM [does not do] Y-GEN (negative, action)
- X-GEN [is not here] (negative, existential)
Unnamed language #4
Altlangs
See /Altlangs