Sino-Namari vocabulary
A significant portion of Namari vocabulary originates from Chinese. These borrowings form the Sino-Namari vocabulary.
Note: The subpages of this article are out of date.
Characters by radical
The radicals listed are the radicals as used by Unicode, itself based on the 214 Kangxi radicals.
| Strokes | Radicals |
|---|---|
| 1 | ⼀ ⼁ ⼂ ⼃ ⼄ ⼅ |
| 2 | ⼆ ⼇ ⼈ ⼉ ⼊ ⼋ ⼌ ⼍ ⼎ ⼏ ⼐ ⼑ ⼒ ⼓ ⼔ ⼕ ⼖ ⼗ ⼘ ⼙ ⼚ ⼛ ⼜ |
| 3 | ⼝ ⼞ ⼟ ⼠ ⼡ ⼢ ⼣ ⼤ ⼥ ⼦ ⼧ ⼨ ⼩ ⼪ ⼫ ⼬ ⼭ ⼮ ⼯ ⼰ ⼱ ⼲ ⼳ ⼴ ⼵ ⼶ ⼷ ⼸ ⼹ ⼺ ⼻ |
| 4 | ⼼ ⼽ ⼾ ⼿ ⽀ ⽁ ⽂ ⽃ ⽄ ⽅ ⽆ ⽇ ⽈ ⽉ ⽊ ⽋ ⽌ ⽍ ⽎ ⽏ ⽐ ⽑ ⽒ ⽓ ⽔ ⽕ ⽖ ⽗ ⽘ ⽙ ⽚ ⽛ ⽜ ⽝ |
| 5 | ⽞ ⽟ ⽠ ⽡ ⽢ ⽣ ⽤ ⽥ ⽦ ⽧ ⽨ ⽩ ⽪ ⽫ ⽬ ⽭ ⽮ ⽯ ⽰ ⽱ ⽲ ⽳ ⽴ |
| 6 | ⽵ ⽶ ⽷ ⽸ ⽹ ⽺ ⽻ ⽼ ⽽ ⽾ ⽿ ⾀ ⾁ ⾂ ⾃ ⾄ ⾅ ⾆ ⾇ ⾈ ⾉ ⾊ ⾋ ⾌ ⾍ ⾎ ⾏ ⾐ ⾑ |
| 7 | ⾒ ⾓ ⾔ ⾕ ⾖ ⾗ ⾘ ⾙ ⾚ ⾛ ⾜ ⾝ ⾞ ⾟ ⾠ ⾡ ⾢ ⾣ ⾤ ⾥ |
| 8 | ⾦ ⾧ ⾨ ⾩ ⾪ ⾫ ⾬ ⾭ ⾮ |
| 9 | ⾯ ⾰ ⾱ ⾲ ⾳ ⾴ ⾵ ⾶ ⾷ ⾸ ⾹ |
| 10 | ⾺ ⾻ ⾼ ⾽ ⾾ ⾿ ⿀ ⿁ |
| 11 | ⿂ ⿃ ⿄ ⿅ ⿆ ⿇ |
| 12 | ⿈ ⿉ ⿊ ⿋ |
| 13 | ⿌ ⿍ ⿎ ⿏ |
| 14 | ⿐ ⿑ |
| 15 | ⿒ |
| 16 | ⿓ ⿔ |
| 17 | ⿕ |
Characters by reading
| -a | -i | -u | -e | -o | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ∅ | あ | い | う | え | お |
| k- | か | き | く | け | こ |
| s- | さ | し | す | せ | そ |
| t- | た | ち | つ | て | と |
| n- | な | に | ぬ | ね | の |
| p- | は | ひ | ふ | へ | ほ |
| m- | ま | み | む | め | も |
| y- | や | ゆ | よ | ||
| r- | ら | り | る | れ | ろ |
| w- | わ | ゐ | ゑ | を |
Note that り and を do not have their own pages. This is because を is no longer used in Namari and only names and very recent loanwords have り.
Middle Chinese to Sino-Namari correlations
Initials:
| Stops and affricates | Nasals | Fricatives | Glide | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tenuis | Aspirate | Voiced | Tenuis | Voiced | |||
| Labials | 幫 p- | 滂 ph- | 並 b- | 明 m- | |||
| Dentals | 端 t- | 透 th- | 定 d- | 泥 n- | |||
| Lateral | 來 l- | ||||||
| Retroflex stops | 知 tr- | 徹 trh- | 澄 dr- | 娘 nr- | |||
| Dental sibilants | 精 ts- | 清 tsh- | 從 dz- | 心 s- | 邪 z- | ||
| Retroflex sibilants | 莊 tsr- | 初 tsrh- | 崇 dzr- | 生 sr- | 俟 zr- | ||
| Palatals | 章 tsy- | 昌 tsyh- | 禪 dzy- | 日 ny- | 書 sy- | 船 zy- | 以 y- |
| Velars | 見 k- | 溪 kh- | 群 g- | 疑 ng- | |||
| Laryngeals | 影 ʔ- | 曉 x- | 匣/云 h- | ||||
General outcome of Middle Chinese initials in Sino-Namari:
| Stops and affricates | Nasals | Fricatives | Glide | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tenuis | Aspirate | Voiced | Tenuis | Voiced | |||
| Labials | 幫 p- /p/ |
滂 ph- /ɸ/ |
並 b- /b/ |
明 m- /m/ |
|||
| Dentals | 端 t- /t/ |
透 th- /θ/ |
定 d- /d/ |
泥 n- /n/ |
|||
| Lateral | 來 l- /r/ Null before /i/, /j/ |
||||||
| Retroflex stops | 知 tr- /t/ |
徹 trh- /θ/ |
澄 dr- /d/ |
娘 nr- /n/ |
|||
| Dental sibilants | 精 ts- /s/ |
清 tsh- /s/ |
從 dz- /z/ |
心 s- /s/ |
邪 z- /z/ |
||
| Retroflex sibilants | 莊 tsr- /t͡ɕ/ |
初 tsrh- /t͡ɕ/ |
崇 dzr- /ʑ/ |
生 sr- /ɕ/ |
俟 zr- /ʑ/ |
||
| Palatals | 章 tsy- /t͡ɕ/ |
昌 tsyh- /t͡ɕ/ |
禪 dzy- /ʑ/ |
日 ny- /ɲ/ |
書 sy- /ɕ/ |
船 zy- /ʑ/ |
以 y- /j/ |
| Velars | 見 k- /k/ /kʷ/ → /p/ |
溪 kh- /x/ /xʷ/ → /w/ /xʷo/ → /o/ |
群 g- /g/ /gʷ/ → /b/ |
疑 ng- /g/ /gʷ/ → /b/ |
|||
| Laryngeals | 影 ʔ- Null |
曉 x- /x/ /xʷ/ → /w/ /xʷo/ → /o/ |
匣/云 h- /g/ /gʷ/ → /b/ |
||||
Traditional Sino-Namari initials (in hiragana; note that the second kana is meant to be small, but the traditional texts use full-sized kana):
| Stops and affricates | Nasals | Fricatives | Glide | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tenuis | Aspirate | Voiced | Tenuis | Voiced | |||
| Labials | 幫 p- は (/p/) |
滂 ph- ぱ (/pʰ/) |
並 b- ば (/b/) |
明 m- ま (/m/) |
|||
| Dentals | 端 t- た (/t/) |
透 th- た゚ (/tʰ/) |
定 d- だ (/d/) |
泥 n- な (/n/) |
|||
| Lateral | 來 l- ら (/r/) |
||||||
| Retroflex stops | 知 tr- つら (/ʈ/) |
徹 trh- つ゚ら (/ʈʰ/) |
澄 dr- づら (/ɖ/) |
娘 nr- ぬら (/ɳ/) |
|||
| Dental sibilants | 精 ts- つさ (/t͡s/) |
清 tsh- つ゚さ (/t͡sʰ/) |
從 dz- づざ (/d͡z/) |
心 s- さ (/s/) |
邪 z- ざ (/z/) |
||
| Retroflex sibilants | 莊 tsr- ちら (/ʈ͡ʂ/) |
初 tsrh- ち゚ら (/ʈ͡ʂʰ/) |
崇 dzr- ぢら (/ɖ͡ʐ/) |
生 sr- しら (/ʂ/) |
俟 zr- じら (/ʐ/) |
||
| Palatals | 章 tsy- ちや (/t͡ɕ/) |
昌 tsyh- ち゚や (/t͡ɕʰ/) |
禪 dzy- ぢや (/d͡ʑ/) |
日 ny- にや (/ɲ/) |
書 sy- しや (/ɕ/) |
船 zy- じや (/ʑ/) |
以 y- や (/j/) |
| Velars | 見 k- か (/k/) |
溪 kh- か゚ (/kʰ/) |
群 g- が (/g/) |
疑 ng- むが (/ŋ/) |
|||
| Laryngeals | 影 ʔ- あ (null) |
曉 x- すか゚ (/x/) |
匣/云 h- ずが (/ɣ/) |
||||
A Sino-Namari final is composed of three components: the glide, the nucleus, and the coda. Whether a final is monomoraic or bimoraic is dependent on the existence of a coda (which may be a glide, a nasal or a stop). The initial glide does not contribute to the length of the Sino-Namari word (and, of course, the nucleus is obligatory).
The initial glide can be:
- Null (あ, か)
- Palatal (や, きや)
- Labial (わ, くわ)
- Labiopalatal (ゐや, くや)
Of the three glides, only the palatal survives into the modern language; the labiopalatal has merged with the palatal, and the labial has disappeared except after a velar consonant, in which case the two combine to form a labial in many dialects (some other dialects unconditionally lose the labial glide).
In some cases (namely, with -wi-), the glide becomes the nucleus and the former nucleus becomes the coda. Traditionally, this occurs after every initial except the velars and laryngeals.
The coda is one of the following:
- A glide い or う
- A nasal ぬ or む
- A stop く, つ or ふ
The glide codas may originate from final -ŋ or -wŋ. Codas originating from velar nasals have special properties with regards to compounding and declension:
- In compounds, the word always induces rendaku except where prohibited by Lyman's Law.
- In declension, the word declines as a first declension noun, but with rendaku affecting the non-focus comitative and ablative forms (-do and -gaya respectively; the focus forms do not undergo rendaku due to Lyman's Law).
The coda ふ has since evolved to う in Modern Namari, although words which had ふ still behave as third declension nouns with a -p- stem, albeit with irregular nominative (-i instead of -pi), short vocative (-u instead of -pu) and topic (-ha instead of -pa) forms.
The following table lists the possible Sino-Namari finals:
| MC (Baxter) | Sino-Namari (historical) |
|---|---|
| -uwŋ | うう |
| -juwŋ | ゆう |
| -uwk | うく |
| -juwk | ゆく |
| -owŋ | おう |
| -jowŋ | よう |
| -owk | おく |
| -jowk | よく |
| -æwŋ | あう |
| -æwk | あく |
| -jie | い |
| -jwie | ゐ, うい |
| -je | い |
| -jwe | ゐ, うい |
| -jij | いい |
| -jwij | ゐい, うい |
| -ij | いい |
| -wij | ゐい, うい |