Pimbic language
The Pimbic language (lemba pümbja) is a language spoken in the Republic of Blyland, and in scattered areas in Namari.
History
It is not clear how the ancestors of the speakers of Pimbic ended up in Likkra. However, the date of settlement must have been around 200 BC, according to archaeological records. What is known is that the Proto-Pimbic speakers lost contact with the Roman Empire before the spread of Christianity, due to the lack of Christian terms in the older forms of the language, and that contact with Earth was not re-established until contact with the Blylandic people (who retained some form of contact with Europe even after settling in Likkra).
Historical Phonology
Currently in progress
Vowels
| Classical Latin | Vulgar Latin (Likkran) | Old Pimbic | Modern Pimbic |
|---|---|---|---|
| /a/ | /a/ | /a/ | /ɑ/ |
| /aː/ | /ɑ/ | /ɒ/ | /ɔ/ |
| /e/ | /ɛ/ | /ɛ/ | /ɛ/ |
| /eː/ | /e/ | /jɛ/ | /jæ/ |
| /i/ | /ɪ/ | /e/ | /e/ |
| /iː/ | /i/ | /i/ | /i/ |
| /o/ | /ɔ/ | /o/ | /o/ |
| /oː/ | /o/ | /u/ | /u/ |
| /u/ | /ʊ/ | /ʉ/ | /ɨ/ |
| /uː/ | /u/ | /y/ | /y/ |
| (sonus medius) | /ɨ/ | /ɨ/ | /ɨ/ |
| /ai̯/ | /ai̯/ | /æi̯/ | /ɛ/ |
| (/aːi̯/) | /ɑi̯/ | /ɔi̯/ | /ø/ |
| /oi̯/ | /ɔi̯/ | ||
| (/oːi̯/) | /oi̯/ | /oi̯/ | |
| (/ui/) | /ʊi̯/ | /ʉi̯/ | /y/ |
| /au̯/ | /au̯/ | /ɔu̯/ | /o/ |
| (/ea/) | /ɛa̯/ | /ɛa̯/ | /æ/ |
| (/ei/) | /ɛi̯/ | /ɛi̯/ | /e/ |
| (/eo/) | /ɛɔ̯/ | /ɛɤ̯/ | /ɤ/ |
| (/eu/) | /ɛu̯/ | /eɯ̯/ | /ɯ/ |
| (/ol/) | /ɔɫ/ | /oɫ/ | /u/ |
| (/oːl/) | /oɫ/ | /uɫ/ | |
| (/ul/) | /ʊɫ/ | /ʉɫ/ | |
| (/uːl/) | /uɫ/ | /yɫ/ | /y/ |
Omitted are vowel sequences beginning with /i/ or /u/; these become /j/ and /w/ respectively and induce palatalisation and labialisation/u-mutation respectively, if not stressed. The above development of the vowel sequences only apply to unstressed vowels; stressed vowels tend to induce hiatus or insertion of a semivowel.
Consonants
All geminates are palatalised before degemination.
| Classical Latin | Environment | Vulgar Latin (Likkran) | Old Pimbic | Middle Pimbic | Modern Pimbic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| /b/ | intervocalic | /β/ | /v/ | /v/ | /v/ |
| palatalised | /bʲ/ | /bʲ/ | /bʲ/ | /bʲ/ | |
| intervocalic palatalised | /βʲ/ | /βʲ/ | |||
| other | /b/ | /b/ | /b/ | /b/ | |
| /d/ | intervocalic | /ð/ | /ð/ | /ð/ | /ð/ |
| palatalised | /d͡ʑ/ | /d͡ʑ/ | /ʑ/ | /ʑ/ | |
| intervocalic palatalised | /ʑ/ | /ʑ/ | |||
| labialised | /dʷ/ | /dʷ/ | /b/ | /b/ | |
| intervocalic labialised | /ðʷ/ | /ðʷ/ | /β/ | /v/ | |
| other | /d/ | /d/ | /d/ | /d/ | |
| /dr/ | palatalised | /drʲ/ | /drʲ/ | /dʝ/ | /ʝ/ |
| other | /dr/ | /dr/ | /ɖ͡ʐ/ | /ɖ͡ʐ/ | |
| /f/ | palatalised | /fʲ/ | /fʲ/ | /fʲ/ | /fʲ/ |
| labialised | /ɸ/ | /ɸ/ | /f/ | /f/ | |
| other | /f/ | /f/ | |||
| /g/ | intervocalic | /ɣ/ | /h/ | - | - |
| palatalised | /d͡ʑ/ | /d͡ʑ/ | /ʑ/ | /ʑ/ | |
| intervocalic palatalised | /ʝ/ | /h/ | - | - | |
| labialised | /gʷ/ | /gʷ/ | /b/ | /b/ | |
| intervocalic labialised | /ɣʷ/ | /ɣʷ/ | /β/ | /v/ | |
| other | /g/ | /g/ | /g/ | /g/ | |
| /h/ | - | - | - | - | |
| /j/ | /j/ | /j/ | /j/ | /j/ | |
| /k/ | intervocalic | /x/ | /h/ | - | - |
| palatalised | /t͡ɕ/ | /t͡ɕ/ | /t͡ɕ/ | /t͡ɕ/ | |
| intervocalic palatalised | /ç/ | /h/ | - | - | |
| labialised | /kʷ/ | /kʷ/ | /p/ | /p/ | |
| intervocalic labialised | /xʷ/ | /ɣʷ/ | /β/ | /v/ | |
| other | /k/ | /k/ | /k/ | /k/ | |
| /ks/ | /xs/ | /çs/ | /ːɕ/ | /ːɕ/ | |
| /kt/ | /xt/ | /çt/ | /ːt͡ɕ/ | /ːt͡ɕ/ | |
| /l/ | palatalised | /ʎ/ | /ʎ/ | /ʎ/ | /ʎ/ |
| next to back vowel | /ɫ/ | /ɫ/ | /w/ | /w/ | |
| before consonant | /l/ | /l/ | - | - | |
| other | /l/ | /l/ | /l/ | /l/ | |
| /m/ | palatalised | /mʲ/ | /mʲ/ | /mʲ/ | /mʲ/ |
| other | /m/ | /m/ | /m/ | /m/ | |
| /n/ | palatalised | /ɲ/ | /ɲ/ | /ɲ/ | /ɲ/ |
| labialised | /nʷ/ | /nʷ/ | /m/ | /m/ | |
| other | /n/ | /n/ | /n/ | /n/ | |
| /p/ | intervocalic | /ɸ/ | /ɸ/ | /f/ | /f/ |
| palatalised | /pʲ/ | /pʲ/ | /pʲ/ | /pʲ/ | |
| intervocalic palatalised | /ɸʲ/ | /ɸʲ/ | |||
| other | /p/ | /p/ | /p/ | /p/ | |
| /ps/ | /fs/ | /fs/ | /ːs/ | /ːs/ | |
| /pt/ | /ft/ | /ft/ | /ːt/ | /ːt/ | |
| /r/ | intervocalic | /r/ | /r/ | /r/ | /r/ |
| intervocalic palatalised | /rʲ/ | /rʲ/ | /rʲ/ | /rʲ/ | |
| next to /t/, /d/, /s/ | /r/ | /r/ | (retroflex) | (retroflex) | |
| before other consonant | /r/ | /r/ | - | - | |
| after other consonant | /r/ | /r/ | /r/ | /l/ | |
| other | /r/ | /r/ | /r/ | /r/ | |
| /s/ | palatalised | /ɕ/ | /ɕ/ | /ɕ/ | /ɕ/ |
| other | /s/ | /s/ | /s/ | /s/ | |
| /sl/ | palatalised | /sʎ/ | /sʎ/ | /ç/ | /ç/ |
| other | /sl/ | /sr/ [sɹ] | /ʂ/ | /ʂ/ | |
| /sk/ | word-initial | /sk/ | /sk/ | /ɕ/ | /ɕ/ |
| other | /sk/ | /çs/ | /ːɕ/ | /ːɕ/ | |
| /sp/ | word-initial | /sp/ | /sp/ | /sf/ | /f/ |
| other | /sp/ | /fs/ | /ːs/ | /ːs/ | |
| /st/ | word-initial | /st/ | /st/ | /sθ/ | /θ/ |
| other | /st/ | /t͡s/ | /t͡s/ | /t͡s/ | |
| /str/ | word-initial | /str/ | /str/ | /ʂ/ | /ʂ/ |
| other | /str/ | /çtr/ | /ːʈ͡ʂ/ | /ːʈ͡ʂ/ | |
| /t/ | intervocalic | /θ/ | /θ/ | /θ/ | /θ/ |
| palatalised | /t͡ɕ/ | /t͡ɕ/ | /t͡ɕ/ | /t͡ɕ/ | |
| intervocalic palatalised | /ɕ/ | /ɕ/ | /ɕ/ | /ɕ/ | |
| labialised | /tʷ/ | /tʷ/ | /p/ | /p/ | |
| intervocalic labialised | /θʷ/ | /ðʷ/ | /β/ | /v/ | |
| other | /t/ | /t/ | /t/ | /t/ | |
| /tr/ | palatalised | /trʲ/ | /trʲ/ | /tç/ | /c͡ç/ |
| other | /tr/ | /tr/ | /ʈ͡ʂ/ | /ʈ͡ʂ/ | |
| /w/ | palatalised | /ɥ/ | /ɥ/ | /ɥ/ | /ɥ/ |
| other | /w/ | /w/ | /w/ | /w/ |
Labials absorb any labialisation without change, while other consonants either change in articulation (e.g. /tʷ/ becomes /p/) or induce u-mutation (e.g. /ot͡ɕʷ/ becomes /ut͡ɕ/). If /r/ occurs next to /t/, /d/ or /s/, it induces retroflexion before disappearing (note that /l/ does the same to /s/).
Phonology
Consonants
| Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Alveolo-palatal | Palatal | Velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | (ɳ) | ɲ | (ŋ) | |||
| Stop | p b | t d | k g | |||||
| Fricative | f v | θ ð | s z | ʂ | ɕ ʑ | ç ʝ | ||
| Affricate | t͡s | ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ | t͡ɕ | c͡ç | ||||
| Approximant (Labialised) |
j ɥ |
w | ||||||
| Lateral Approximant |
l | ʎ | ||||||
| Trill | r |
[ŋ] is an allophone of /n/ before /k/ and /g/. [ɳ] is an allophone of /n/ before retroflex consonants.
All consonants except /j/ have palatalised forms. However, note the following cases:
| Normal | Palatalised |
|---|---|
| s | ɕ |
| ʂ | ç |
| t, θ, t͡s | t͡ɕ |
| ʈ͡ʂ | c͡ç |
| d, ð, z | ʑ |
| ɖ͡ʐ | ʝ |
| n | ɲ |
| l | ʎ |
| w | ɥ |
The palatalised consonants listed above cannot be further palatalised.
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i y | ɨ | ɯ u |
| Close-mid | e ø | ɤ o | |
| Open-mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
| Open | æ | ɑ |
All vowels can either be short or long, although short vowels predominate. Long vowels cannot occur in posttonic position.
Pimbic does not have any diphthongs; all vowels occurring next to each other are pronounced separately.
Stress
Pimbic stress always falls on a particular syllable, which is partially marked in the orthography. The following rules are observed:
- If the final syllable is long, it is stressed.
- Otherwise, if the vowel of the penultimate syllable is written as <ï>, then the antepenult is stressed.
- Otherwise, the penult is stressed.
Note that word-final <ë> is never pronounced, and only serves to shift the location of stress to the final syllable. This <ë> only appears in multisyllabic words (e.g. amòrë [ɑ.ˈmɔr] "to love" possesses this letter, while it is absent from ťòr [ˈθɔr] "to stand, to be"). It never appears after a syllable containing <ï>.
Orthography
The orthography of Pimbic is diacritic-heavy; the only digraphs involve <j> and <r> (note that <j> indicates palatalisation when occurring after a consonant, and <r> cannot occur in consonant clusters).
Consonants
| Symbol | Phoneme |
|---|---|
| b | b |
| c | t͡s |
| č | t͡ɕ |
| d | d |
| dr | ɖ͡ʐ |
| drj | ʝ |
| ď | ð |
| f | f |
| g | g |
| j | j |
| k | k |
| l | l |
| lj | ʎ |
| m | m |
| n | n |
| nj | ɲ |
| p | p |
| r | r |
| s | s |
| sr | ʂ |
| srj | ç |
| š | ɕ |
| t | t |
| tr | ʈ͡ʂ |
| trj | c͡ç |
| ť | θ |
| v | v |
| w | w |
| wj | ɥ |
| z | z |
| ž | ʑ |
Vowels
| Symbol (short) |
Symbol (long) |
Phoneme |
|---|---|---|
| a | ā | ɑ |
| ä | á | æ |
| e | ē | e |
| è | ê | ɛ |
| ė | é | ɤ |
| i | ī | i |
| ǐ | í | ɯ |
| o | ō | o |
| ò | ô | ɔ |
| ö | ó | ø |
| u | ū | u |
| ü, ï | ú | ɨ |
| y | ȳ | y |
| ë | (mute) |
The main difference between <ü> and <ï> is that <ï> cannot take stress (it often appears in the penult to indicate that the antepenult is stressed instead) and that two syllables with <ï> cannot occur next to each other. Historically, <ï> is the reflex of the Latin sonus medius. Historically, the stressed counterpart of <ï> was <e>; however, this only occurred in morphology, and all <ï>/<e> alternations have since been levelled to <e>. The letter <ë> only serves to indicate that stress is on the final syllable rather than the penult; historically, this developed from word-final short /e/ (which became /ɛ/ <è> in other positions, with word-final short /ɛ/ originating from shortening of posttonic vowels).
Grammar
Pimbic, like the other Likkran Romance languages, largely developed separately from the other Romance languages, and its grammar shows significant differences from those of real-life Romance languages.
Nouns
Nouns are split into three declensional classes. They decline for four cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative) and two numbers (singular and plural), and possess one of three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter).
In all cases, the nominative and accusative forms are identical for neuter nouns.
First declension
The first declension is composed mainly of feminine nouns, although there are a few masculines.
The following is the declension of ava (water, feminine):
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ava [ˈɑ.vɑ] |
avas [ˈɑ.vɑs] |
| Accusative | avò [ˈɑ.vɔ] |
avòs [ˈɑ.vɔs] |
| Genitive | avö [ˈɑ.vø] |
avòry [ɑ.ˈvɔ.ry] |
| Dative | avè [ˈɑ.vɛ] |
avòvüz [ɑ.ˈvɔ.vɨz] |
Second declension
The second declension can have nouns of any gender, although feminines are rare.
The following is the declension of wüfüz (wolf, masculine):
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | wüfüz [ˈwɨ.fɨz] |
wüfi [ˈwɨ.fi] |
| Accusative | wüfy [ˈwɨ.fy] |
wüfus [ˈwɨ.fus] |
| Genitive | wüfi [ˈwɨ.fi] |
wüfury [wɨ.ˈfu.ry] |
| Dative | wüfu [ˈwɨ.fu] |
wüfuvüz [wɨ.ˈfu.vɨz] |
Neuter nouns show different declensional endings in the nominative and accusative. The following is the declension of uwy (egg, neuter):
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | uwy [ˈu.wy] |
uwa [ˈu.wɑ] |
| Accusative | uwy [ˈu.wy] |
uwa [ˈu.wɑ] |
| Genitive | uwi [ˈu.wi] |
ūry [ˈuː.ry] |
| Dative | ū [ˈuː] |
ūvüz [ˈuː.vɨz] |
Note that uwu becomes ū due to phonotactics.
Third declension
Nouns in this declension may be of any gender, and often have irregular nominative forms. The merger of the consonant and i-stems, already well under way in Classical Latin, was completed in Pimbic.
The following is the declension of omu (person, masculine):
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | omu [ˈo.mu] |
omenjäs [o.ˈme.ɲæs] |
| Accusative | omenjä [o.ˈme.ɲæ] |
omenis [o.ˈme.nis] |
| Genitive | omenez [o.ˈme.nez] |
omenjy [o.ˈme.ɲy] |
| Dative | omeni [o.ˈme.ni] |
omenïvüz [o.ˈme.nɨ.vɨz] |
The following is the declension of numjä (name, neuter):
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | numjä [ˈnu.mʲæ] |
numenja [nu.ˈme.ɲɑ] |
| Accusative | numjä [ˈnu.mʲæ] |
numenja [nu.ˈme.ɲɑ] |
| Genitive | numenez [nu.ˈme.nez] |
numenjy [nu.ˈme.ɲy] |
| Dative | numeni [nu.ˈme.ni] |
numenïvüz [nu.ˈme.nɨ.vɨz] |
The following is the declension of nōš (night, feminine):
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | nōš [ˈnoːɕ] |
nōčäs [ˈnoː.t͡ɕæs] |
| Accusative | nōčä [ˈnoː.t͡ɕæ] |
nōčis [ˈnoː.t͡ɕis] |
| Genitive | nōčez [ˈnoː.t͡ɕez] |
nōčy [ˈnoː.t͡ɕy] |
| Dative | nōči [ˈnoː.t͡ɕi] |
nōčïvüz [ˈnoː.t͡ɕɨ.vɨz] |
Pronouns
Note that some pronouns possess an additional instrumental case form.
Currently in progress
Personal pronouns
| First person | Second person | Reflexive | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | ||
| Nominative | ė [ɤ] |
nus [nus] |
ty [ty] |
ĭs [ɯs] |
|
| Accusative | mjä [mʲæ] |
nös [nøs] |
čä [t͡ɕæ] |
wös [wøs] |
šä [ɕæ] |
| Dative | me [me] |
nuvis [nu.vis] |
te [te] |
ĭvis [ɯ.vis] |
se [se] |
| Instrumental | mjȳ [ˈmʲyː] |
nuvīšy [nu.ˈviː.ɕy] |
čȳ [ˈt͡ɕyː] |
ĭvīšy [ɯ.ˈviː.ɕy] |
šȳ [ˈɕyː] |
Other than the instrumental forms (which are always stressed), these forms may either be stressed or unstressed. Unstressed forms may only occur next to a verb or unstressed pronoun form.
Possessive pronouns
The possessive pronouns decline as if they were first and second declension adjectives.
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| First | mijüz [ˈmi.jɨz] |
nōtrüz [ˈnoː.ʈ͡ʂɨz] |
| Second | tüwüz [ˈtɨ.wɨz] |
wōtrüz [ˈwoː.ʈ͡ʂɨz] |
| Third | süwüz [ˈsɨ.wɨz] |
eljurüz [e.ˈʎu.rɨz] |
Interrogative and relative pronouns
Pimbic has merged the interrogative and relative pronouns.
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | pis [ˈpis] |
pi [ˈpi] |
pa [ˈpɑ] |
pas [ˈpɑs] |
pod [ˈpod] |
pa [ˈpɑ] |
| Accusative | pjä [ˈpʲæ] |
pus [ˈpus] |
pò [ˈpɔ] |
pòs [ˈpɔs] |
pod [ˈpod] |
pa [ˈpɑ] |
| Genitive | küjüz [ˈkɨ.jɨz] |
pury [ˈpu.ry] |
küjüz [ˈkɨ.jɨz] |
pòry [ˈpɔ.ry] |
küjüz [ˈkɨ.jɨz] |
pury [ˈpu.ry] |
| Dative | kȳ [ˈkyː] |
pevüz [ˈpe.vɨz] |
kȳ [ˈkyː] |
pevüz [ˈpe.vɨz] |
kȳ [ˈkyː] |
pevüz [ˈpe.vɨz] |
| Instrumental | pȳ [ˈpyː] |
pevúšy [pe.ˈvɨː.ɕy] |
pȳ [ˈpyː] |
pevúšy [pe.ˈvɨː.ɕy] |
pȳ [ˈpyː] |
pevúšy [pe.ˈvɨː.ɕy] |
Demonstrative pronouns
Pimbic has three demonstrative pronouns: ec (proximal), ēs (medial) and elj (distal). All three decline identically.
Declension of ec:
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | ec [ˈet͡s] |
eci [ˈe.t͡si] |
eca [ˈe.t͡sɑ] |
ecas [ˈe.t͡sɑs] |
ecü [ˈe.t͡sɨ] |
eca [ˈe.t͡sɑ] |
| Accusative | ecy [ˈe.t͡sy] |
ecus [ˈe.t͡sus] |
ecò [ˈe.t͡sɔ] |
ecòs [ˈe.t͡sɔs] |
ecü [ˈe.t͡sɨ] |
eca [ˈe.t͡sɑ] |
| Genitive | ečüz [ˈe.t͡ɕɨz] |
ecury [e.ˈt͡su.ry] |
ečüz [ˈe.t͡ɕɨz] |
ecòry [e.ˈt͡sɔ.ry] |
ečüz [ˈe.t͡ɕɨz] |
ecury [e.ˈt͡su.ry] |
| Dative | eci [ˈe.t͡si] |
ecuvüz [e.ˈt͡su.vɨz] |
eci [ˈe.t͡si] |
ecòvüz [e.ˈt͡sɔ.vɨz] |
eci [ˈe.t͡si] |
ecuvüz [e.ˈt͡su.vɨz] |
Adjectives
Adjectives decline for case, number and gender.
First and second declension
The first and second declension adjectives decline similarly to nouns in both the first and second declensions.
The following is the declension of atüz (tall):
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | atüz [ˈɑ.tɨz] |
ati [ˈɑ.ti] |
ata [ˈɑ.tɑ] |
atas [ˈɑ.tɑs] |
aty [ˈɑ.ty] |
ata [ˈɑ.tɑ] |
| Accusative | aty [ˈɑ.ty] |
atus [ˈɑ.tus] |
atò [ˈɑ.tɔ] |
atòs [ˈɑ.tɔs] |
aty [ˈɑ.ty] |
ata [ˈɑ.tɑ] |
| Genitive | ati [ˈɑ.ti] |
atury [ɑ.ˈtu.ry] |
atö [ˈɑ.tø] |
atòry [ɑ.ˈtɔ.ry] |
ati [ˈɑ.ti] |
atury [ɑ.ˈtu.ry] |
| Dative | atu [ˈɑ.tu] |
atuvüz [ɑ.ˈtu.vɨz] |
atè [ˈɑ.tɛ] |
atòvüz [ɑ.ˈtɔ.vɨz] |
atu [ˈɑ.tu] |
atuvüz [ɑ.ˈtu.vɨz] |
| Adverb | ačä [ˈɑ.t͡ɕæ] | |||||
| Comparative | ačor [ˈɑ.t͡ɕor] | |||||
| Superlative | atešïmüz [ɑ.ˈte.ɕɨ.mɨz] | |||||
Some adjectives display the "pronominal" declension. This is demonstrated below, using tuťüz (all):
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | tuťüz [ˈtu.θɨz] |
tuťi [ˈtu.θi] |
tuťa [ˈtu.θɑ] |
tuťas [ˈtu.θɑs] |
tuťy [ˈtu.θy] |
tuťa [ˈtu.θɑ] |
| Accusative | tuťy [ˈtu.θy] |
tuťus [ˈtu.θus] |
tuťò [ˈtu.θɔ] |
tuťòs [ˈtu.θɔs] |
tuťy [ˈtu.θy] |
tuťa [ˈtu.θɑ] |
| Genitive | tučüz [ˈtu.t͡ɕɨz] |
tuťury [tu.ˈθu.ry] |
tučüz [ˈtu.t͡ɕɨz] |
tuťòry [tu.ˈθɔ.ry] |
tučüz [ˈtu.t͡ɕɨz] |
tuťury [tu.ˈθu.ry] |
| Dative | tuťi [ˈtu.θi] |
tuťuvüz [tu.ˈθu.vɨz] |
tuťi [ˈtu.θi] |
tuťòvüz [tu.ˈθɔ.vɨz] |
tuťi [ˈtu.θi] |
tuťuvüz [tu.ˈθu.vɨz] |
| Adverb | tučä [ˈtu.t͡ɕæ] | |||||
Third declension
The third declension adjectives decline similarly to third declension nouns. Third declension adjectives do not distinguish between the masculine and feminine, and only have separate neuter forms in the nominative and accusative.
The following is the declension of atruš (atrocious, terrible):
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | atruš [ˈɑ.ʈ͡ʂuɕ] |
atruwjäs [ɑ.ˈʈ͡ʂu.ɥæs] |
atruš [ˈɑ.ʈ͡ʂuɕ] |
atruwjäs [ɑ.ˈʈ͡ʂu.ɥæs] |
atruš [ˈɑ.ʈ͡ʂuɕ] |
atruwja [ɑ.ˈʈ͡ʂu.ɥɑ] |
| Accusative | atruwjä [ɑ.ˈʈ͡ʂu.ɥæ] |
atruwis [ɑ.ˈʈ͡ʂu.wis] |
atruwjä [ɑ.ˈʈ͡ʂu.ɥæ] |
atruwis [ɑ.ˈʈ͡ʂu.wis] |
atruš [ˈɑ.ʈ͡ʂuɕ] |
atruwja [ɑ.ˈʈ͡ʂu.ɥɑ] |
| Genitive | atruwez [ɑ.ˈʈ͡ʂu.wez] |
atruwjy [ɑ.ˈʈ͡ʂu.ɥy] |
atruwez [ɑ.ˈʈ͡ʂu.wez] |
atruwjy [ɑ.ˈʈ͡ʂu.ɥy] |
atruwez [ɑ.ˈʈ͡ʂu.wez] |
atruwjy [ɑ.ˈʈ͡ʂu.ɥy] |
| Dative | atruwi [ɑ.ˈʈ͡ʂu.wi] |
atruwïvüz [ɑ.ˈʈ͡ʂu.wɨ.vɨz] |
atruwi [ɑ.ˈʈ͡ʂu.wi] |
atruwïvüz [ɑ.ˈʈ͡ʂu.wɨ.vɨz] |
atruwi [ɑ.ˈʈ͡ʂu.wi] |
atruwïvüz [ɑ.ˈʈ͡ʂu.wɨ.vɨz] |
| Adverb | atruwïťèr [ɑ.ˈʈ͡ʂu.wɨ.θɛr] | |||||
| Comparative | atruwjor [ɑ.ˈʈ͡ʂu.ɥor] | |||||
| Superlative | atruwešïmüz [ɑ.ʈ͡ʂu.ˈwe.ɕɨ.mɨz] | |||||
Note that not all third declension adjectives form adverbs with -ïťèr; those whose stems alternate betwen -s and -nt- have adverbs ending in -ntèr instead. Comparative adverbs are identical to the neuter nominative/accusative singular forms.
The following is the comparative declension, demonstrated below by mèljor (better):
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | mèljor [ˈmɛ.ʎor] |
mèljurjäs [mɛ.ˈʎu.rʲæs] |
mèljor [ˈmɛ.ʎor] |
mèljurjäs [mɛ.ˈʎu.rʲæs] |
mèljüz [ˈmɛ.ʎɨz] |
mèljurja [mɛ.ˈʎu.rʲɑ] |
| Accusative | mèljurjä [mɛ.ˈʎu.rʲæ] |
mèljuris [mɛ.ˈʎu.ris] |
mèljurjä [mɛ.ˈʎu.rʲæ] |
mèljuris [mɛ.ˈʎu.ris] |
mèljüz [ˈmɛ.ʎɨz] |
mèljurja [mɛ.ˈʎu.rʲɑ] |
| Genitive | mèljurez [mɛ.ˈʎu.rez] |
mèljurjy [mɛ.ˈʎu.rʲy] |
mèljurez [mɛ.ˈʎu.rez] |
mèljurjy [mɛ.ˈʎu.rʲy] |
mèljurez [mɛ.ˈʎu.rez] |
mèljurjy [mɛ.ˈʎu.rʲy] |
| Dative | mèljuri [mɛ.ˈʎu.ri] |
mèljurïvüz [mɛ.ˈʎu.rɨ.vɨz] |
mèljuri [mɛ.ˈʎu.ri] |
mèljurïvüz [mɛ.ˈʎu.rɨ.vɨz] |
mèljuri [mɛ.ˈʎu.ri] |
mèljurïvüz [mɛ.ˈʎu.rɨ.vɨz] |
| Adverb | mèljüz [ˈmɛ.ʎɨz] | |||||
Currently in progress
Irregular adjectives
Note that the general declension of an adjective is always regular with respect to its declensional (sub-)class. However, some adjectives have irregular adverbial, comparative and/or superlative forms.
| Adjective | Meaning | Adverb | Comparative | Superlative |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| bonüz [ˈbo.nɨz] |
good | bèn [ˈbɛn] |
mèljor [ˈmɛ.ʎor] |
ōtïmüz [ˈoː.tɨ.mɨz] |
| malüz [ˈmɑ.lɨz] |
bad | mal [ˈmɑl] |
pèjor [ˈpɛ.jor] |
pèšïmüz [ˈpɛ.ɕɨ.mɨz] |
Determiners
Pimbic possesses both a definite and an indefinite article. The indefinite article is yn (an unstressed version of the numeral ynüz, where -üz is dropped, the genitive plural -ry is reduced to -r, and y- is dropped for all forms except the genitive singular and masculine nominative singular). The definite article is es. Both articles decline identically and are unstressed.
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | es [es] |
si [si] |
sa [sɑ] |
sas [sɑs] |
sy [sy] |
sa [sɑ] |
| Accusative | sy [sy] |
sus [sus] |
sò [sɔ] |
sòs [sɔs] |
sy [sy] |
sa [sɑ] |
| Genitive | eš [eɕ] |
sur [sur] |
eš [eɕ] |
sòr [sɔr] |
eš [eɕ] |
sur [sur] |
| Dative | si [si] |
suv [suv] |
si [si] |
sòv [sɔv] |
si [si] |
suv [suv] |
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | yn [yn] |
ni [ni] |
na [nɑ] |
nas [nɑs] |
ny [ny] |
na [nɑ] |
| Accusative | ny [ny] |
nus [nus] |
nò [nɔ] |
nòs [nɔs] |
ny [ny] |
na [nɑ] |
| Genitive | ynj [yɲ] |
nur [nur] |
ynj [yɲ] |
nòr [nɔr] |
ynj [yɲ] |
nur [nur] |
| Dative | ni [ni] |
nuv [nuv] |
ni [ni] |
nòv [nɔv] |
ni [ni] |
nuv [nuv] |
Numerals
Numerals are a special class of adjectives and determiners, and are used to denote quantity or rank.
The numeral ynüz (one) declines as a pronominal first and second declension adjective. The plural forms are only used with plurale tantum, or when used as an indefinite article.
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | ynüz [ˈy.nɨz] |
yni [ˈy.ni] |
yna [ˈy.nɑ] |
ynas [ˈy.nɑs] |
yny [ˈy.ny] |
yna [ˈy.nɑ] |
| Accusative | yny [ˈy.ny] |
ynus [ˈy.nus] |
ynò [ˈy.nɔ] |
ynòs [ˈy.nɔs] |
yny [ˈy.ny] |
yna [ˈy.nɑ] |
| Genitive | ynjüz [ˈy.ɲɨz] |
ynury [y.ˈnu.ry] |
ynjüz [ˈy.ɲɨz] |
ynòry [y.ˈnɔ.ry] |
ynjüz [ˈy.ɲɨz] |
ynury [y.ˈnu.ry] |
| Dative | yni [ˈy.ni] |
ynuvüz [y.ˈnu.vɨz] |
yni [ˈy.ni] |
ynòvüz [y.ˈnɔ.vɨz] |
yni [ˈy.ni] |
ynuvüz [y.ˈnu.vɨz] |
The declension of the numeral düwo (two) resembles that of a first and second declension adjective:
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | düwo [ˈdɨ.wo] |
düwè [ˈdɨ.wɛ] |
düwo [ˈdɨ.wo] |
| Accusative | düwus [ˈdɨ.wus] |
düwòs [ˈdɨ.wɔs] |
düwo [ˈdɨ.wo] |
| Genitive | düwury [dɨ.ˈwu.ry] |
düwòry [dɨ.ˈwɔ.ry] |
düwury [dɨ.ˈwu.ry] |
| Dative | düwuvüz [dɨ.ˈwu.vɨz] |
düwòvüz [dɨ.ˈwɔ.vɨz] |
düwuvüz [dɨ.ˈwu.vɨz] |
The numeral trjäs (three) declines irregularly:
| Masc./Fem. | Neuter | |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | trjäs [ˈc͡çæs] |
treja [ˈʈ͡ʂe.jɑ] |
| Accusative | tris [ˈʈ͡ʂis] |
treja [ˈʈ͡ʂe.jɑ] |
| Genitive | trejy [ˈʈ͡ʂe.jy] |
trejy [ˈʈ͡ʂe.jy] |
| Dative | trevüz [ˈʈ͡ʂe.vɨz] |
trevüz [ˈʈ͡ʂe.vɨz] |
The higher cardinal numerals up to 20 do not decline for gender.
| 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 20 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative Accusative |
pòčor [ˈpɔ.t͡ɕor] |
pimp [ˈpimp] |
sêš [ˈsɛːɕ] |
sêčä [ˈsɛː.t͡ɕæ] |
ōču [ˈoː.t͡ɕu] |
nowjä [ˈno.ɥæ] |
dèjä [ˈdɛ.jæ] |
yndi [ˈyn.di] |
wīnti [ˈwiːn.ti] |
trēntò [ˈʈ͡ʂeːn.tɔ] |
| Genitive | pòčory [pɔ.ˈt͡ɕo.ry] |
pimpy [ˈpim.py] |
sêšy [ˈsɛː.ɕy] |
sêčäry [sɛː.ˈt͡ɕæ.ry] |
ōčury [oː.ˈt͡ɕu.ry] |
nowjäry [no.ˈɥæ.ry] |
dèjäry [dɛ.ˈjæ.ry] |
yndiry [yn.ˈdi.ry] |
wīntiry [wiːn.ˈti.ry] |
trēntury [ʈ͡ʂeːn.ˈtu.ry] |
| Dative | pòčorïvüz [pɔ.ˈt͡ɕo.rɨ.vɨz] |
pimpïvüz [ˈpim.pɨ.vɨz] |
sêšïvüz [ˈsɛː.ɕɨ.vɨz] |
sêčävüz [sɛː.ˈt͡ɕæ.vɨz] |
ōčuvüz [oː.ˈt͡ɕu.vɨz] |
nowjävüz [no.ˈɥæ.vɨz] |
dèjävüz [dɛ.ˈjæ.vɨz] |
yndivüz [yn.ˈdi.vɨz] |
wīntivüz [wiːn.ˈti.vɨz] |
trēntuvüz [ʈ͡ʂeːn.ˈtu.vɨz] |
The numerals from 11 to 19 decline identically, as do the decades from 30 to 90.
The other cardinal numerals are as follows:
| 11-20 | 10-100 | 100-1000 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | yndi | dèjä | kènty |
| 2 | boďi | wīnti | dükènta |
| 3 | trèďi | trēntò | trèkènta |
| 4 | pòčordi | padröntò | padrengènta |
| 5 | pindi | pimpöntò | pingènta |
| 6 | šäďi | sêšöntò | sêčènta |
| 7 | sêtèndi | sêpöntò | sêtengènta |
| 8 | ōčuďi | ōčöntò | ōčengènta |
| 9 | nowèndi | nunöntò | nungènta |
| 10 | wīnti | kènty | milj |
All numerals higher than 19 are (neuter) nouns, and require the noun to be modified to be in the genitive plural. Additive numerals always use the neuter forms.
All ordinal numbers decline as first and second declension adjectives. They are listed below:
| 1-10 | 11-20 | 10-100 | 100-1000 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | plimüz | yndêmüz | dêmüz | kènčäsïmüz |
| 2 | šündüz | bodêmüz | wijäsïmüz | dükènčäsïmüz |
| 3 | tètrjüz | tetrjüdêmüz | trijäsïmüz | trèkènčäsïmüz |
| 4 | patrüz | patrüdêmüz | padròjäsïmüz | padrengènčäsïmüz |
| 5 | pintüz | pintüdêmüz | pimpòjäsïmüz | pingènčäsïmüz |
| 6 | sêčüz | sêčüdêmüz | sêšòjäsïmüz | sêčènčäsïmüz |
| 7 | sêtïmüz | sêtïmüdêmüz | sêpòjäsïmüz | sêtengènčäsïmüz |
| 8 | ōčawüz | ōčawüdêmüz | ôčujäsïmüz | ōčengènčäsïmüz |
| 9 | nunüz | nunüdêmüz | nunòjäsïmüz | nungènčäsïmüz |
| 10 | dêmüz | wijäsïmüz | kènčäsïmüz | miljäsïmüz |
Verbs
Pimbic verbs diverge significantly from Latin and other Romance languages. While parts of the original Latin tense-aspect system remained, Pimbic innovated a new set of tense-aspect combinations, which are formed by agglutination. The following suffixes represent each form in the active voice:
| Singular | Plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | |
| Indicative | ||||||
| Simple present | Differs between conjugations | |||||
| Simple past | Differs between conjugations | |||||
| Simple future | -ru | -res | -ret | -rïmüz | -rïťez | -rün |
| Simple conditional | -rjä | -rjäs | -rjät | -rjämüz | -rjäťez | -rjän |
| Progressive | -ťu | -ťòs | -ťat | -ťòmüz | -ťòťez | -ťan |
| Imperfect | -vò | -vòs | -vat | -vòmüz | -vòťez | -van |
| Future progressive | -ťòru | -ťòres | -ťòret | -ťòrïmüz | -ťòrïťez | -ťòrün |
| Conditional progressive | -ťòrjä | -ťòrjäs | -ťòrjät | -ťòrjämüz | -ťòrjäťez | -ťòrjän |
| Perfect | -šė | -šäs | -šät | -šämüz | -šäťez | -šän |
| Pluperfect | Differs between conjugations | |||||
| Future perfect | -šäru | -šäres | -šäret | -šärïmüz | -šärïťez | -šärün |
| Conditional perfect | -šärjä | -šärjäs | -šärjät | -šärjämüz | -šärjäťez | -šärjän |
| Perfect progressive | -ťòšė | -ťòšäs | -ťòšät | -ťòšämüz | -ťòšäťez | -ťòšän |
| Pluperfect progressive | -ťòšävò | -ťòšävòs | -ťòšävat | -ťòšävòmüz | -ťòšävòťez | -ťòšävan |
| Future perfect progressive | -ťòšäru | -ťòšäres | -ťòšäret | -ťòšärïmüz | -ťòšärïťez | -ťòšärün |
| Conditional perfect progressive | -ťòšärjä | -ťòšärjäs | -ťòšärjät | -ťòšärjämüz | -ťòšärjäťez | -ťòšärjän |
| Subjunctive | ||||||
| Simple present | Differs between conjugations | |||||
| Simple past | Differs between conjugations | |||||
| Progressive | -čän | -čäs | -ťèt | -čämüz | -čäťez | -ťen |
| Imperfect | -ťèťešä | -ťèťešäs | -ťèťešèt | -ťèťešämüz | -ťèťešäťez | -ťèťešèn |
| Perfect | -šá | -šás | -šát | -šámüz | -šáťez | -šán |
| Pluperfect | -šäšä | -šäšäs | -šäšèt | -šäšämüz | -šäšäťez | -šäšèn |
| Perfect progressive | -ťòšá | -ťòšás | -ťòšát | -ťòšámüz | -ťòšáťez | -ťòšán |
| Pluperfect progressive | -ťòšäšä | -ťòšäšäs | -ťòšäšèt | -ťòšäšämüz | -ťòšäšäťez | -ťòšäšèn |
| Imperative | ||||||
| Present | Differs between conjugations | |||||
| Progressive | -ťò | -ťòmë | -ťòtë | |||
| Perfect | -šä | -šämë | -šätë | |||
| Perfect progressive | -ťòšä | -ťòšämë | -ťòšätë | |||
| Non-finite forms | ||||||
| Present infinitive | Differs between conjugations | |||||
| Present partciple | Differs between conjugations | |||||
| Past participle | Differs between conjugations | |||||
| Present gerund | Differs between conjugations | |||||
| Progressive infinitive | -ťòrë | |||||
| Progressive participle | -ťòs | |||||
| Imperfect participle | -ťòťüz | |||||
| Progressive gerund | -ťòndy | |||||
| Perfect infinitive | -šärë | |||||
| Perfect participle | -šäs | |||||
| Pluperfect participle | -šyťüs | |||||
| Perfect gerund | -šändy | |||||
| Perfect progressive infinitive | -ťòšärë | |||||
| Perfect progressive participle | -ťòšäs | |||||
| Pluperfect progressive participle | -ťòšyťüs | |||||
| Perfect progressive gerund | -ťòšändy | |||||
All of the above suffixes (with the exception of the imperfect indicative, which uses a different, but regularly derivable stem) attach directly to the stem (derived by removing the -r(ë) of the present infinitive). For the TAM combinations without any given suffixes, they vary between conjugations, and may alter the stem itself.
The mediopassive is also formed by agglutination, by simply adding -sè (a reduced form of the reflexive šä) to the end of the verb. This forms -Vsè, -Všè, -Vcè, -Vmüšè, -Vtešè, -Vnsè for each person-number combination (V is a vowel). The negative is also formed by agglutination (with -nu), to form -Vnu, -Vsnu, -Vntu, -Vmüsnu, -Vtesnu, -Vnju in the active voice and -Vsènu, -Všènu, -Vcènu, -Vmüšènu, -Vtešènu, -Vnsènu in the mediopassive.
In general, there are four conjugational classes, which are distinguishable by their infinitive:
- First conjugation verbs end in -òrë.
- Second conjugation verbs end in -järë (the -j- palatalises the preceding consonant, if it exists).
- Third conjugation verbs end in -èr.
- Fourth conjugation verbs end in -irë.
Currently in progress
First conjugation
The first conjugation is the main productive conjugational class, and possesses the majority of Pimbic verbs. The following is an example of a first conjugation verb (amòrë "to love"):
| Singular | Plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | |
| Indicative | ||||||
| Simple present | amu | amòs | amat | amòmüz | amòťez | aman |
| Simple past | amó | amöci | amót | amömüz | amöcez | amörün |
| Simple future | amòru | amòres | amòret | amòrïmüz | amòrïťez | amòrün |
| Simple conditional | amòrjä | amòrjäs | amòrjät | amòrjämüz | amòrjäťez | amòrjän |
| Progressive | amòťu | amòťòs | amòťat | amòťòmüz | amòťòťez | amòťan |
| Imperfect | amòvò | amòvòs | amòvat | amòvòmüz | amòvòťez | amòvan |
| Future progressive | amòťòru | amòťòres | amòťòret | amòťòrïmüz | amòťòrïťez | amòťòrün |
| Conditional progressive | amòťòrjä | amòťòrjäs | amòťòrjät | amòťòrjämüz | amòťòrjäťez | amòťòrjän |
| Perfect | amòšė | amòšäs | amòšät | amòšämüz | amòšäťez | amòšän |
| Pluperfect | amörò | amöròs | amörat | amöròmüz | amöròcez | amöran |
| Future perfect | amòšäru | amòšäres | amòšäret | amòšärïmüz | amòšärïťez | amòšärün |
| Conditional perfect | amòšärjä | amòšärjäs | amòšärjät | amòšärjämüz | amòšärjäťez | amòšärjän |
| Perfect progressive | amòťòšė | amòťòšäs | amòťòšät | amòťòšämüz | amòťòšäťez | amòťòšän |
| Pluperfect progressive | amòťòšävò | amòťòšävòs | amòťòšävat | amòťòšävòmüz | amòťòšävòťez | amòťòšävan |
| Future perfect progressive | amòťòšäru | amòťòšäres | amòťòšäret | amòťòšärïmüz | amòťòšärïťez | amòťòšärün |
| Conditional perfect progressive | amòťòšärjä | amòťòšärjäs | amòťòšärjät | amòťòšärjämüz | amòťòšärjäťez | amòťòšärjän |
| Subjunctive | ||||||
| Simple present | amjä | amjäs | amèt | amjämüz | amjäťez | amen |
| Simple past | amöšä | amöšäs | amöšèt | amöšämüz | amöšäťez | amöšèn |
| Progressive | amòčän | amòčäs | amòťèt | amòčämüz | amòčäťez | amòťen |
| Imperfect | amòťèťešä | amòťèťešäs | amòťèťešèt | amòťèťešämüz | amòťèťešäťez | amòťèťešèn |
| Perfect | amòšá | amòšás | amòšát | amòšámüz | amòšáťez | amòšán |
| Pluperfect | amòšäšä | amòšäšäs | amòšäšèt | amòšäšämüz | amòšäšäťez | amòšäšèn |
| Perfect progressive | amòťòšá | amòťòšás | amòťòšát | amòťòšámüz | amòťòšáťez | amòťòšán |
| Pluperfect progressive | amòťòšäšä | amòťòšäšäs | amòťòšäšèt | amòťòšäšämüz | amòťòšäšäťez | amòťòšäšèn |
| Imperative | ||||||
| Present | amò | amòmë | amòtë | |||
| Progressive | amòťò | amòťòmë | amòťòtë | |||
| Perfect | amòšä | amòšämë | amòšätë | |||
| Perfect progressive | amòťòšä | amòťòšämë | amòťòšätë | |||
| Non-finite forms | ||||||
| Present infinitive | amòrë | |||||
| Present partciple | amòs | |||||
| Past participle | amòťüz | |||||
| Present gerund | amòndy | |||||
| Progressive infinitive | amòťòrë | |||||
| Progressive participle | amòťòs | |||||
| Imperfect participle | amòťòťüz | |||||
| Progressive gerund | amòťòndy | |||||
| Perfect infinitive | amòšärë | |||||
| Perfect participle | amòšäs | |||||
| Pluperfect participle | amòšyťüs | |||||
| Perfect gerund | amòšändy | |||||
| Perfect progressive infinitive | amòťòšärë | |||||
| Perfect progressive participle | amòťòšäs | |||||
| Pluperfect progressive participle | amòťòšyťüs | |||||
| Perfect progressive gerund | amòťòšändy | |||||
The suffixes which define this conjugational class are as follows:
| Singular | Plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | |
| Indicative | ||||||
| Simple present | -u | -òs | -at | -òmüz | -òťez | -an |
| Simple past | -ó | -öci | -ót | -ömüz | -öcez | -örün |
| Imperfect | -òvò | -òvòs | -òvat | -òvòmüz | -òvòťez | -òvan |
| Pluperfect | -örò | -öròs | -örat | -öròmüz | -öròcez | -öran |
| Subjunctive | ||||||
| Simple present | -jä | -jäs | -èt | -jämüz | -jäťez | -en |
| Simple past | -öšä | -öšäs | -öšèt | -öšämüz | -öšäťez | -öšèn |
| Imperative | ||||||
| Present | -ò | -òmë | -òtë | |||
| Non-finite forms | ||||||
| Present infinitive | -òrë | |||||
| Present partciple | -òs | |||||
| Past participle | -òťüz | |||||
| Present gerund | -òndy | |||||
Second conjugation
The suffixes which define this conjugational class are as follows:
| Singular | Plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | |
| Indicative | ||||||
| Simple present | -ė | -jäs | -èt | -jämüz | -jäťez | -èn |
| Simple past | -y | -yci | -yt | -ymüz | -ycez | -järün |
| Imperfect | -jävò | -jävòs | -jävat | -jävòmüz | -jävòťez | -jävan |
| Pluperfect | -örò | -öròs | -örat | -öròmüz | -öròcez | -öran |
| Subjunctive | ||||||
| Simple present | -ä | -äs | -ät | -jòmüz | -jòťez | -än |
| Simple past | -yšä | -yšäs | -yšèt | -yšämüz | -yšäťez | -yšèn |
| Imperative | ||||||
| Present | -jä | -jämë | -jätë | |||
| Non-finite forms | ||||||
| Present infinitive | -järë | |||||
| Present partciple | -jäs | |||||
| Past participle | -ïťüz | |||||
| Present gerund | -jändy | |||||
Third conjugation
The suffixes which define this conjugational class are as follows:
| Singular | Plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | |
| Indicative | ||||||
| Simple present | -u | -ïs | -ït | -ïmüz | -ïťez | -ün |
| Simple past | -i | -eci | -et | -emüz | -ecez | -järün |
| Imperfect | -jävò | -jävòs | -jävat | -jävòmüz | -jävòťez | -jävan |
| Pluperfect | -èrò | -èròs | -èrat | -èròmüz | -èròcez | -èran |
| Subjunctive | ||||||
| Simple present | -ò | -òs | -at | -òmüz | -òťez | -an |
| Simple past | -ešä | -ešäs | -ešèt | -ešämüz | -ešäťez | -ešèn |
| Imperative | ||||||
| Present | -(ë) | -ïm | -ït | |||
| Non-finite forms | ||||||
| Present infinitive | -èr | |||||
| Present partciple | -ès | |||||
| Past participle | -yťüz | |||||
| Present gerund | -èndy | |||||
Verbs in this conjugational class often have irregular preterite stems (which are used to form the simple past, as well as the pluperfect indicative), and may have irregular past participles. As such, verbs in this conjugational class are said to have three principal parts.
Fourth conjugation
The suffixes which define this conjugational class are as follows:
| Singular | Plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | |
| Indicative | ||||||
| Simple present | -ju | -is | -et | -imüz | -iťez | -jün |
| Simple past | -ī | -īci | -īt | -īmüz | -īcez | -järün |
| Imperfect | -jävò | -jävòs | -jävat | -jävòmüz | -jävòťez | -jävan |
| Pluperfect | -jèrò | -jèròs | -jèrat | -jèròmüz | -jèròcez | -jèran |
| Subjunctive | ||||||
| Simple present | -jò | -jòs | -jat | -jòmüz | -jòťez | -jan |
| Simple past | -īšä | -īšäs | -īšèt | -īšämüz | -īšäťez | -īšèn |
| Imperative | ||||||
| Present | -i | -imë | -itë | |||
| Non-finite forms | ||||||
| Present infinitive | -irë | |||||
| Present partciple | -jès | |||||
| Past participle | -iťüz | |||||
| Present gerund | -jèndy | |||||
Irregular verbs
The following is the conjugation of èšèr (to be):
| Singular | Plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | |
| Indicative | ||||||
| Simple present | syn | ès | èc | sümüz | ècez | sün |
| Simple past | fiwi | feci | füwet | füwïmüz | fecez | fjärün |
| Simple future | èru | ères | èret | èrïmüz | èrïťez | èrün |
| Simple conditional | èrjä | èrjäs | èrjät | èrjämüz | èrjäťez | èrjän |
| Progressive | ťu | ťòs | ťat | ťòmüz | ťòťez | ťan |
| Imperfect | èrò | èròs | èrat | èròmüz | èròťez | èran |
| Future progressive | ťòru | ťòres | ťòret | ťòrïmüz | ťòrïťez | ťòrün |
| Conditional progressive | ťòrjä | ťòrjäs | ťòrjät | ťòrjämüz | ťòrjäťez | ťòrjän |
| Perfect | šė | šäs | šät | šämüz | šäťez | šän |
| Pluperfect | fèrò | fèròs | fèrat | fèròmüz | fèròťez | fèran |
| Future perfect | šäru | šäres | šäret | šärïmüz | šärïťez | šärün |
| Conditional perfect | šärjä | šärjäs | šärjät | šärjämüz | šärjäťez | šärjän |
| Perfect progressive | ťòšė | ťòšäs | ťòšät | ťòšämüz | ťòšäťez | ťòšän |
| Pluperfect progressive | ťòšävò | ťòšävòs | ťòšävat | ťòšävòmüz | ťòšävòťez | ťòšävan |
| Future perfect progressive | ťòšäru | ťòšäres | ťòšäret | ťòšärïmüz | ťòšärïťez | ťòšärün |
| Conditional perfect progressive | ťòšärjä | ťòšärjäs | ťòšärjät | ťòšärjämüz | ťòšärjäťez | ťòšärjän |
| Subjunctive | ||||||
| Simple present | sin | sis | set | simüz | siťez | sen |
| Simple past | fešä | fešäs | fešèt | fešämüz | fešäťez | fešèn |
| Progressive | čän | čäs | ťèt | čämüz | čäťez | ťen |
| Imperfect | ťèťešä | ťèťešäs | ťèťešèt | ťèťešämüz | ťèťešäťez | ťèťešèn |
| Perfect | šá | šás | šát | šámüz | šáťez | šán |
| Pluperfect | šäšä | šäšäs | šäšèt | šäšämüz | šäšäťez | šäšèn |
| Perfect progressive | ťòšá | ťòšás | ťòšát | ťòšámüz | ťòšáťez | ťòšán |
| Pluperfect progressive | ťòšäšä | ťòšäšäs | ťòšäšèt | ťòšäšämüz | ťòšäšäťez | ťòšäšèn |
| Imperative | ||||||
| Present | ès | süm | èc | |||
| Progressive | ťò | ťòm | ťòt | |||
| Perfect | šä | šäm | šät | |||
| Perfect progressive | ťòšä | ťòšämë | ťòšätë | |||
| Non-finite forms | ||||||
| Present partciple | èšèr | |||||
| Present partciple | èšès | |||||
| Past participle | füťüz | |||||
| Present gerund | èšèndy | |||||
| Progressive infinitive | ťòr | |||||
| Progressive participle | ťôs (ťònt-) | |||||
| Imperfect participle | ťòtüz | |||||
| Progressive gerund | ťòndy | |||||
| Perfect infinitive | šär | |||||
| Perfect participle | šás (šänt-) | |||||
| Pluperfect participle | šytüs | |||||
| Perfect gerund | šändy | |||||
| Perfect progressive infinitive | ťòšärë | |||||
| Perfect progressive participle | ťòšäs | |||||
| Pluperfect progressive participle | ťòšytüs | |||||
| Perfect progressive gerund | ťòšändy | |||||
This verb is a merger of three different Latin verbs (sum/esse, sto/stare and sedeo/sedere), ultimately deriving from four different Proto-Indo-European roots. This is the most irregular verb in Pimbic, with most of its forms exhibiting a null stem. This is also one of only two verbs with an r-imperfect (the other being pošèr "to be able").
The following is the conjugation of pošèr (to be able):
| Singular | Plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | |
| Indicative | ||||||
| Simple present | pošy | poťès | poťèc | pošïmüz | poťècez | pošün |
| Simple past | poťy | poťyci | poťyt | poťymüz | poťycez | poťjärün |
| Imperfect | poťèrò | poťèròs | poťèrat | poťèròmüz | poťèròťez | poťèran |
| Pluperfect | poťörò | poťöròs | poťörat | poťöròmüz | poťöròcez | poťöran |
| Subjunctive | ||||||
| Simple present | poši | pošis | pošet | pošimüz | pošiťez | pošen |
| Simple past | poťyšä | poťyšäs | poťyšèt | poťyšämüz | poťyšäťez | poťyšèn |
| Imperative | ||||||
| Present | poťès | pošïm | poťècë | |||
| Non-finite forms | ||||||
| Present infinitive | pošèr | |||||
| Present partciple | pošès | |||||
| Past participle | poťyťüz | |||||
| Present gerund | pošèndy | |||||
For forms not listed above, the stem of this verb is poťè-
The following is the conjugation of wèljèr (to want):
| Singular | Plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | |
| Indicative | ||||||
| Simple present | wō | wis | wǐt | wômüz | wǐťez | wôn |
| Simple past | wowi | woweci | wowet | wowemüz | wowecez | wowjärün |
| Imperfect | wowjävò | wowjävòs | wowjävat | wowjävòmüz | wowjävòťez | wowjävan |
| Pluperfect | wowèrò | wowèròs | wowèrat | wowèròmüz | wowèròcez | wowèran |
| Subjunctive | ||||||
| Simple present | wèli | wèlis | wèlet | wèlimüz | wèliťez | wèlen |
| Simple past | wowešä | wowešäs | wowešèt | wowešämüz | wowešäťez | wowešèn |
| Imperative | ||||||
| Present | wèli | wèlimë | wèlitë | |||
| Non-finite forms | ||||||
| Present infinitive | wèljèr | |||||
| Present partciple | wèljès | |||||
| Past participle | wǐťüz | |||||
| Present gerund | wèljèndy | |||||
For forms not listed above, the stem of this verb is woljè-.
The following is the conjugation of avjärë (to have):
| Singular | Plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | |
| Indicative | ||||||
| Simple present | é | ês | êt | êmüz | êťez | ên |
| Simple past | avy | avyci | avyt | avymüz | avycez | avjärün |
| Imperfect | avjävò | avjävòs | avjävat | avjävòmüz | avjävòťez | avjävan |
| Pluperfect | avörò | avöròs | avörat | avöròmüz | avöròcez | avöran |
| Subjunctive | ||||||
| Simple present | ajä | ajäs | ajät | ajòmüz | ajòťez | ajän |
| Simple past | avyšä | avyšäs | avyšèt | avyšämüz | avyšäťez | avyšèn |
| Imperative | ||||||
| Present | ê | êmë | êtë | |||
| Non-finite forms | ||||||
| Present infinitive | avjärë | |||||
| Present partciple | avjäs | |||||
| Past participle | avïťüz | |||||
| Present gerund | avjändy | |||||
This verb has irregular present forms, owing to its frequent use.
The following non-third conjugation verbs have irregular preterite stems and/or past participles:
| Infinitive | Meaning | 1s indicative past | Past participle |
|---|---|---|---|
| ťòr | to stand | ťèťi | ťòtüz |
| dar | to give | dèďi | daťüz |
The verb dar (to give) does not fall into any of the declensional classes; rather, its stem-final vowel is -a-. However, its forms are largely regular:
| Singular | Plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | |
| Indicative | ||||||
| Simple present | du | das | dat | damüz | daťez | dan |
| Simple past | dèďi | dèďeci | dèďet | dèďemüz | dèďecez | dèžärün |
| Imperfect | davò | davòs | davat | davòmüz | davòťez | davan |
| Pluperfect | dèďèrò | dèďèròs | dèďèrat | dèďèròmüz | dèďèròcez | dèďèran |
| Subjunctive | ||||||
| Simple present | žä | žäs | dèt | žämüz | žäťez | den |
| Simple past | dèďešä | dèďešäs | dèďešèt | dèďešämüz | dèďešäťez | dèďešèn |
| Imperative | ||||||
| Present | dò | damë | datë | |||
| Non-finite forms | ||||||
| Present infinitive | dar | |||||
| Present partciple | dās (dant-) | |||||
| Past participle | daťüz | |||||
| Present gerund | dandy | |||||