Loddic language
The Loddic language (en þanga hloudungh [ɛn.ˈθa.ŋə.ˌɬoː.dʊŋɣ]) is a language that is spoken in Blyland.
History
Phonology
Consonants
Vowels
Initial mutations
Loddic has three different forms of initial consonant mutations: lenition, nasalisation and spirantisation (denoted L, N and H respectively). Lenition entails the fricativisation or conversion to /x/ ([h]) of consonants, nasalisation entails voicing or conversion of consonants to nasals, and spirantisation entails converting consonants to fricatives.
The following are possible outcomes for each consonant:
| Consonant | Lenition | Nasalisation | Spirantisation |
|---|---|---|---|
| /p, pʲ/ | /f, fʲ/ | /b, bʲ/ | /f, fʲ/ |
| /b, bʲ/ | /v, vʲ/ | /m, mʲ/ | /v, vʲ/ |
| /m, mʲ/ | /m, mʲ/ | /m, mʲ/ | /f, fʲ/ |
| /f, fʲ/ | /x, ç/ | /v, vʲ/ | /f, fʲ/ |
| /v, vʲ/ | /ɣ, ʝ/ | /m, mʲ/ | /f, fʲ/ |
| /t, t͡s/ | /θ, s/ | /d, d͡z/ | /s, ɕ/ |
| /d, d͡z/ | /ð, z/ | /n, ɲ/ | /z, ʑ/ |
| /n, ɲ/ | /n, ɲ/ | /n, ɲ/ | /θ, s/ |
| /s, ɕ/ | /x, ç/ | /z, ʑ/ | /s, ɕ/ |
| /z, ʑ/ | /ɣ, ʝ/ | /n, ɲ/ | /z, ʑ/ |
| /l, ʎ/ | /l, ʎ/ | /n, ɲ/ | /ɬ, ɬʲ/ |
| /r, rʲ/ | /r, rʲ/ | /n, ɲ/ | /s, ɕ/ |
| /k, t͡ɕ/ | /x, ç/ | /g, d͡ʑ/ | /ɕ, ɕ/ |
| /g, d͡ʑ/ | /ɣ, ʝ/ | /ŋ, ɲ/ | /ʑ, ʑ/ |
| /x, ç/ | /x, ç/ | /ɣ, ʝ/ | /ɕ, ɕ/ |
| (mute), /j/ | (mute), /j/ | /n, ɲ/ | /x, ç/ |
Orthography
Grammar
Nouns
Nouns decline for five cases (nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, dative) and three numbers (singular, dual, plural); however, the dual is only used in conjunction with the numeral dou.
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | evH en hev |
evL dou ev |
ivL ni iv |
| Vocative | 'evL | a ðou evL | 'övuH |
| Accusative | evN en nev |
evL dou ev |
övuH nu hövu |
| Genitive | ivL in iv |
evoH dou hevo |
evN no nev |
| Dative | yvL yn yv |
evavN douv nevav |
evavH nov hevav |
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | pennN em benn |
pennL dou fenn |
pennL na fenn |
| Vocative | a fennN | a ðou fennL | a fennL |
| Accusative | pennN em benn |
pennL dou fenn |
pennL na fenn |
| Genitive | pinnL im finn |
pennoH dou fenno |
pennN no benn |
| Dative | pynnL ym fynn |
pennavN douv bennav |
pennavH nov fennav |
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | laamL en laam |
laamL da laam |
laamaH na hlaama |
| Vocative | a laamL | a ða laamL | a laamaH |
| Accusative | laamN en naam |
laamL da laam |
laamaH na hlaama |
| Genitive | laamaH en hlaama |
laamoH dou hlaamo |
laamN no naam |
| Dative | laamL en laam |
laamavN daav naamav |
laamavH nav hlaamav |
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
| First | Second | Third | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | sm. | sf. | sn. | Plural | |||
| Nominative | mii | þiiþ | tuu | fiif | ei | sii | ið | iiL | ||
| Genitive | meiL | noH | teiL | voH | eiL | eiH | eiL | iiN | ||
| Dative | men | amf | ten | uf | ef | esj | ef | iiv | ||
There are no accusative forms; these are instead represented by prefixes on the verb. If an accusative is required for a non-finite clause, the genitive forms are used instead, with the exception of the neuter, which instead uses the nominative forms.
Verbs
| Singular | Plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | |
| Indicative mood | ||||||
| Present | beru | beri | berið | berme | berði | berad |
| Imperfect | bernum | beruð | berða | bermis | berif | berdis |
| Future | bersa | berse | bersað | bersami | bersaði | bersad |
| Preterite | bertu | berti | bert | bertum | bertið | bertad |
| Subjunctive mood | ||||||
| Present | bera | bere | berað | berami | beraði | berad |
| Past | bertan | bertað | berta | bertami | bertaf | bertadi |
| Imperative mood | ||||||
| ber | ber | berum | berið | berad | ||
| Singular | Plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First | Second | Third | First | Second | Third | |
| Indicative mood | ||||||
| Present | iffim | iið | is | samun | sef | sod |
| Imperfect | eþum | juð | eþa | samis | sif | sodis |
| Future | buusa | buuse | buusað | buusami | buusaði | buusad |
| Preterite | taatu | taati | taat | taatum | taatið | taatad |
| Subjunctive mood | ||||||
| Present | sja | sjai | sjað | sjami | sjaði | sjad |
| Past | taatan | taatað | taata | taatami | taatav | taatadi |
| Imperative mood | ||||||
| buu | buu | buum | buið | buad | ||
Verb prefixes
To denote finer distinctions in tense, aspect and mood, there may be prefixes attached to the verb. Each prefix induces its own mutation; however, the first prefix in a verb complex always induces spirantisation regardless of the type of mutation normally induced by the prefix.
The prefixes me-, te-, i-, nu- and vu- are the direct object prefixes, and are used in place of the missing accusative personal pronouns. When not used as the first prefix, the first and second person singular me- and te- induce lenition, the first and second person plural nu- and vu- induce spirantisation, and the third person i- induces a different kind of mutation depending on number and gender. For the masculine and feminine singular, it induces nasalisation, while the masculine and feminine plural forms induce spirantisation and the neuter plural induces lenition. The neuter singular does not induce any form of mutation.
These direct object prefixes do not attach unmodified to a constituent beginning with a vowel. The first and second person singular prefixes lose their vowel, becoming m- and t- respectively. Their plural counterparts regularly add -h- after the prefix, as do the third person masculine and feminine plural prefixes. Similarly, the third person masculine and feminine singular add -n-, while the neuter singular adds -t-. The neuter plural morphs into j- before a vowel.